346 lines
12 KiB
Groff
346 lines
12 KiB
Groff
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.\" ========================================================================
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.\"
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.IX Title "STRINGS 1"
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.TH STRINGS 1 "2023-02-11" "binutils-2.39" "GNU Development Tools"
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.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
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.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
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.if n .ad l
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.nh
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.SH "NAME"
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strings \- print the sequences of printable characters in files
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.SH "SYNOPSIS"
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.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
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strings [\fB\-afovV\fR] [\fB\-\fR\fImin-len\fR]
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[\fB\-n\fR \fImin-len\fR] [\fB\-\-bytes=\fR\fImin-len\fR]
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[\fB\-t\fR \fIradix\fR] [\fB\-\-radix=\fR\fIradix\fR]
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[\fB\-e\fR \fIencoding\fR] [\fB\-\-encoding=\fR\fIencoding\fR]
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[\fB\-U\fR \fImethod\fR] [\fB\-\-unicode=\fR\fImethod\fR]
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[\fB\-\fR] [\fB\-\-all\fR] [\fB\-\-print\-file\-name\fR]
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[\fB\-T\fR \fIbfdname\fR] [\fB\-\-target=\fR\fIbfdname\fR]
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[\fB\-w\fR] [\fB\-\-include\-all\-whitespace\fR]
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[\fB\-s\fR] [\fB\-\-output\-separator\fR \fIsep_string\fR]
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[\fB\-\-help\fR] [\fB\-\-version\fR] \fIfile\fR...
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.SH "DESCRIPTION"
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.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
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For each \fIfile\fR given, \s-1GNU\s0 \fBstrings\fR prints the
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printable character sequences that are at least 4 characters long (or
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the number given with the options below) and are followed by an
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unprintable character.
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.PP
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Depending upon how the strings program was configured it will default
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to either displaying all the printable sequences that it can find in
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each file, or only those sequences that are in loadable, initialized
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data sections. If the file type is unrecognizable, or if strings is
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reading from stdin then it will always display all of the printable
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sequences that it can find.
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.PP
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For backwards compatibility any file that occurs after a command-line
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option of just \fB\-\fR will also be scanned in full, regardless of
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the presence of any \fB\-d\fR option.
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.PP
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\&\fBstrings\fR is mainly useful for determining the contents of
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non-text files.
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.SH "OPTIONS"
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.IX Header "OPTIONS"
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.IP "\fB\-a\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-a"
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.PD 0
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.IP "\fB\-\-all\fR" 4
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.IX Item "--all"
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.IP "\fB\-\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-"
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.PD
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Scan the whole file, regardless of what sections it contains or
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whether those sections are loaded or initialized. Normally this is
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the default behaviour, but strings can be configured so that the
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\&\fB\-d\fR is the default instead.
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.Sp
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The \fB\-\fR option is position dependent and forces strings to
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perform full scans of any file that is mentioned after the \fB\-\fR
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on the command line, even if the \fB\-d\fR option has been
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specified.
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.IP "\fB\-d\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-d"
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.PD 0
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.IP "\fB\-\-data\fR" 4
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.IX Item "--data"
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.PD
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Only print strings from initialized, loaded data sections in the
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file. This may reduce the amount of garbage in the output, but it
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also exposes the strings program to any security flaws that may be
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present in the \s-1BFD\s0 library used to scan and load sections. Strings
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can be configured so that this option is the default behaviour. In
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such cases the \fB\-a\fR option can be used to avoid using the \s-1BFD\s0
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library and instead just print all of the strings found in the file.
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.IP "\fB\-f\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-f"
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.PD 0
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.IP "\fB\-\-print\-file\-name\fR" 4
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.IX Item "--print-file-name"
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.PD
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Print the name of the file before each string.
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.IP "\fB\-\-help\fR" 4
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.IX Item "--help"
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Print a summary of the program usage on the standard output and exit.
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.IP "\fB\-\fR\fImin-len\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-min-len"
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.PD 0
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.IP "\fB\-n\fR \fImin-len\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-n min-len"
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.IP "\fB\-\-bytes=\fR\fImin-len\fR" 4
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.IX Item "--bytes=min-len"
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.PD
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Print sequences of displayable characters that are at least
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\&\fImin-len\fR characters long. If not specified a default minimum
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length of 4 is used. The distinction between displayable and
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non-displayable characters depends upon the setting of the
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\&\fB\-e\fR and \fB\-U\fR options. Sequences are always terminated
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at control characters such as new-line and carriage-return, but not
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the tab character.
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.IP "\fB\-o\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-o"
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Like \fB\-t o\fR. Some other versions of \fBstrings\fR have \fB\-o\fR
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act like \fB\-t d\fR instead. Since we can not be compatible with both
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ways, we simply chose one.
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.IP "\fB\-t\fR \fIradix\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-t radix"
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.PD 0
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.IP "\fB\-\-radix=\fR\fIradix\fR" 4
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.IX Item "--radix=radix"
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.PD
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Print the offset within the file before each string. The single
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character argument specifies the radix of the offset\-\-\-\fBo\fR for
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octal, \fBx\fR for hexadecimal, or \fBd\fR for decimal.
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.IP "\fB\-e\fR \fIencoding\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-e encoding"
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.PD 0
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.IP "\fB\-\-encoding=\fR\fIencoding\fR" 4
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.IX Item "--encoding=encoding"
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.PD
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Select the character encoding of the strings that are to be found.
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Possible values for \fIencoding\fR are: \fBs\fR = single\-7\-bit\-byte
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characters (\s-1ASCII, ISO 8859,\s0 etc., default), \fBS\fR =
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single\-8\-bit\-byte characters, \fBb\fR = 16\-bit bigendian, \fBl\fR =
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16\-bit littleendian, \fBB\fR = 32\-bit bigendian, \fBL\fR = 32\-bit
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littleendian. Useful for finding wide character strings. (\fBl\fR
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and \fBb\fR apply to, for example, Unicode \s-1UTF\-16/UCS\-2\s0 encodings).
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.IP "\fB\-U\fR \fI[d|i|l|e|x|h]\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-U [d|i|l|e|x|h]"
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.PD 0
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|
.IP "\fB\-\-unicode=\fR\fI[default|invalid|locale|escape|hex|highlight]\fR" 4
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.IX Item "--unicode=[default|invalid|locale|escape|hex|highlight]"
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.PD
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Controls the display of \s-1UTF\-8\s0 encoded multibyte characters in strings.
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The default (\fB\-\-unicode=default\fR) is to give them no special
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treatment, and instead rely upon the setting of the
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\&\fB\-\-encoding\fR option. The other values for this option
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automatically enable \fB\-\-encoding=S\fR.
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.Sp
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The \fB\-\-unicode=invalid\fR option treats them as non-graphic
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characters and hence not part of a valid string. All the remaining
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options treat them as valid string characters.
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.Sp
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The \fB\-\-unicode=locale\fR option displays them in the current
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locale, which may or may not support \s-1UTF\-8\s0 encoding. The
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\&\fB\-\-unicode=hex\fR option displays them as hex byte sequences
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enclosed between \fI<>\fR characters. The \fB\-\-unicode=escape\fR
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option displays them as escape sequences (\fI\euxxxx\fR) and the
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\&\fB\-\-unicode=highlight\fR option displays them as escape sequences
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highlighted in red (if supported by the output device). The colouring
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is intended to draw attention to the presence of unicode sequences
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where they might not be expected.
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.IP "\fB\-T\fR \fIbfdname\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-T bfdname"
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.PD 0
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.IP "\fB\-\-target=\fR\fIbfdname\fR" 4
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.IX Item "--target=bfdname"
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.PD
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Specify an object code format other than your system's default format.
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.IP "\fB\-v\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-v"
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.PD 0
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.IP "\fB\-V\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-V"
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.IP "\fB\-\-version\fR" 4
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.IX Item "--version"
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.PD
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Print the program version number on the standard output and exit.
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.IP "\fB\-w\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-w"
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.PD 0
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.IP "\fB\-\-include\-all\-whitespace\fR" 4
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.IX Item "--include-all-whitespace"
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.PD
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|
By default tab and space characters are included in the strings that
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are displayed, but other whitespace characters, such a newlines and
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carriage returns, are not. The \fB\-w\fR option changes this so
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that all whitespace characters are considered to be part of a string.
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.IP "\fB\-s\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-s"
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.PD 0
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.IP "\fB\-\-output\-separator\fR" 4
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.IX Item "--output-separator"
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.PD
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|
By default, output strings are delimited by a new-line. This option
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allows you to supply any string to be used as the output record
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separator. Useful with \-\-include\-all\-whitespace where strings
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may contain new-lines internally.
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.IP "\fB@\fR\fIfile\fR" 4
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.IX Item "@file"
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Read command-line options from \fIfile\fR. The options read are
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inserted in place of the original @\fIfile\fR option. If \fIfile\fR
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does not exist, or cannot be read, then the option will be treated
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literally, and not removed.
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.Sp
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Options in \fIfile\fR are separated by whitespace. A whitespace
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character may be included in an option by surrounding the entire
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option in either single or double quotes. Any character (including a
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backslash) may be included by prefixing the character to be included
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with a backslash. The \fIfile\fR may itself contain additional
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@\fIfile\fR options; any such options will be processed recursively.
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.SH "SEE ALSO"
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|
.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
|
|
\&\fBar\fR\|(1), \fBnm\fR\|(1), \fBobjdump\fR\|(1), \fBranlib\fR\|(1), \fBreadelf\fR\|(1)
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and the Info entries for \fIbinutils\fR.
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.SH "COPYRIGHT"
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.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
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|
Copyright (c) 1991\-2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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.PP
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Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
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under the terms of the \s-1GNU\s0 Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
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or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
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with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
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Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
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section entitled \*(L"\s-1GNU\s0 Free Documentation License\*(R".
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