538 lines
22 KiB
Groff
538 lines
22 KiB
Groff
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.\" ========================================================================
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.\"
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.IX Title "AR 1"
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.TH AR 1 "2023-02-11" "binutils-2.39" "GNU Development Tools"
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.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
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.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
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.if n .ad l
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.nh
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.SH "NAME"
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ar \- create, modify, and extract from archives
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.SH "SYNOPSIS"
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.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
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ar [\fB\-X32_64\fR] [\fB\-\fR]\fIp\fR[\fImod\fR] [\fB\-\-plugin\fR \fIname\fR] [\fB\-\-target\fR \fIbfdname\fR] [\fB\-\-output\fR \fIdirname\fR] [\fB\-\-record\-libdeps\fR \fIlibdeps\fR] [\fB\-\-thin\fR] [\fIrelpos\fR] [\fIcount\fR] \fIarchive\fR [\fImember\fR...]
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.SH "DESCRIPTION"
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.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
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The \s-1GNU\s0 \fBar\fR program creates, modifies, and extracts from
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archives. An \fIarchive\fR is a single file holding a collection of
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other files in a structure that makes it possible to retrieve
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the original individual files (called \fImembers\fR of the archive).
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.PP
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The original files' contents, mode (permissions), timestamp, owner, and
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group are preserved in the archive, and can be restored on
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extraction.
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.PP
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\&\s-1GNU\s0 \fBar\fR can maintain archives whose members have names of any
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length; however, depending on how \fBar\fR is configured on your
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system, a limit on member-name length may be imposed for compatibility
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with archive formats maintained with other tools. If it exists, the
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limit is often 15 characters (typical of formats related to a.out) or 16
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characters (typical of formats related to coff).
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.PP
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\&\fBar\fR is considered a binary utility because archives of this sort
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are most often used as \fIlibraries\fR holding commonly needed
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subroutines. Since libraries often will depend on other libraries,
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\&\fBar\fR can also record the dependencies of a library when the
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\&\fB\-\-record\-libdeps\fR option is specified.
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.PP
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\&\fBar\fR creates an index to the symbols defined in relocatable
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object modules in the archive when you specify the modifier \fBs\fR.
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Once created, this index is updated in the archive whenever \fBar\fR
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makes a change to its contents (save for the \fBq\fR update operation).
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An archive with such an index speeds up linking to the library, and
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allows routines in the library to call each other without regard to
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their placement in the archive.
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.PP
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You may use \fBnm \-s\fR or \fBnm \-\-print\-armap\fR to list this index
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table. If an archive lacks the table, another form of \fBar\fR called
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\&\fBranlib\fR can be used to add just the table.
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.PP
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\&\s-1GNU\s0 \fBar\fR can optionally create a \fIthin\fR archive,
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which contains a symbol index and references to the original copies
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of the member files of the archive. This is useful for building
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libraries for use within a local build tree, where the relocatable
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objects are expected to remain available, and copying the contents of
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each object would only waste time and space.
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.PP
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An archive can either be \fIthin\fR or it can be normal. It cannot
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be both at the same time. Once an archive is created its format
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cannot be changed without first deleting it and then creating a new
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archive in its place.
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.PP
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Thin archives are also \fIflattened\fR, so that adding one thin
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archive to another thin archive does not nest it, as would happen with
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a normal archive. Instead the elements of the first archive are added
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individually to the second archive.
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.PP
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The paths to the elements of the archive are stored relative to the
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archive itself.
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.PP
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\&\s-1GNU\s0 \fBar\fR is designed to be compatible with two different
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facilities. You can control its activity using command-line options,
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like the different varieties of \fBar\fR on Unix systems; or, if you
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specify the single command-line option \fB\-M\fR, you can control it
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with a script supplied via standard input, like the \s-1MRI\s0 \*(L"librarian\*(R"
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program.
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.SH "OPTIONS"
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.IX Header "OPTIONS"
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\&\s-1GNU\s0 \fBar\fR allows you to mix the operation code \fIp\fR and modifier
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flags \fImod\fR in any order, within the first command-line argument.
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.PP
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If you wish, you may begin the first command-line argument with a
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dash.
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.PP
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The \fIp\fR keyletter specifies what operation to execute; it may be
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any of the following, but you must specify only one of them:
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.IP "\fBd\fR" 4
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.IX Item "d"
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\&\fIDelete\fR modules from the archive. Specify the names of modules to
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be deleted as \fImember\fR...; the archive is untouched if you
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specify no files to delete.
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.Sp
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If you specify the \fBv\fR modifier, \fBar\fR lists each module
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as it is deleted.
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.IP "\fBm\fR" 4
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.IX Item "m"
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Use this operation to \fImove\fR members in an archive.
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.Sp
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The ordering of members in an archive can make a difference in how
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programs are linked using the library, if a symbol is defined in more
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than one member.
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.Sp
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If no modifiers are used with \f(CW\*(C`m\*(C'\fR, any members you name in the
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\&\fImember\fR arguments are moved to the \fIend\fR of the archive;
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you can use the \fBa\fR, \fBb\fR, or \fBi\fR modifiers to move them to a
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specified place instead.
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.IP "\fBp\fR" 4
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.IX Item "p"
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\&\fIPrint\fR the specified members of the archive, to the standard
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output file. If the \fBv\fR modifier is specified, show the member
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name before copying its contents to standard output.
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.Sp
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If you specify no \fImember\fR arguments, all the files in the archive are
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printed.
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.IP "\fBq\fR" 4
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.IX Item "q"
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\&\fIQuick append\fR; Historically, add the files \fImember\fR... to the end of
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\&\fIarchive\fR, without checking for replacement.
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.Sp
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The modifiers \fBa\fR, \fBb\fR, and \fBi\fR do \fInot\fR affect this
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operation; new members are always placed at the end of the archive.
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.Sp
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The modifier \fBv\fR makes \fBar\fR list each file as it is appended.
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.Sp
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Since the point of this operation is speed, implementations of
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\&\fBar\fR have the option of not updating the archive's symbol
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table if one exists. Too many different systems however assume that
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symbol tables are always up-to-date, so \s-1GNU\s0 \fBar\fR will
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rebuild the table even with a quick append.
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.Sp
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Note \- \s-1GNU\s0 \fBar\fR treats the command \fBqs\fR as a
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synonym for \fBr\fR \- replacing already existing files in the
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archive and appending new ones at the end.
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.IP "\fBr\fR" 4
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.IX Item "r"
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Insert the files \fImember\fR... into \fIarchive\fR (with
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\&\fIreplacement\fR). This operation differs from \fBq\fR in that any
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previously existing members are deleted if their names match those being
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added.
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.Sp
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If one of the files named in \fImember\fR... does not exist, \fBar\fR
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displays an error message, and leaves undisturbed any existing members
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of the archive matching that name.
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.Sp
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By default, new members are added at the end of the file; but you may
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use one of the modifiers \fBa\fR, \fBb\fR, or \fBi\fR to request
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|
placement relative to some existing member.
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.Sp
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|
The modifier \fBv\fR used with this operation elicits a line of
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|
output for each file inserted, along with one of the letters \fBa\fR or
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\&\fBr\fR to indicate whether the file was appended (no old member
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deleted) or replaced.
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.IP "\fBs\fR" 4
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.IX Item "s"
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Add an index to the archive, or update it if it already exists. Note
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this command is an exception to the rule that there can only be one
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command letter, as it is possible to use it as either a command or a
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modifier. In either case it does the same thing.
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.IP "\fBt\fR" 4
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.IX Item "t"
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|
Display a \fItable\fR listing the contents of \fIarchive\fR, or those
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|
of the files listed in \fImember\fR... that are present in the
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archive. Normally only the member name is shown, but if the modifier
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\&\fBO\fR is specified, then the corresponding offset of the member is also
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displayed. Finally, in order to see the modes (permissions), timestamp,
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owner, group, and size the \fBv\fR modifier should be included.
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.Sp
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If you do not specify a \fImember\fR, all files in the archive
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are listed.
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.Sp
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If there is more than one file with the same name (say, \fBfie\fR) in
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an archive (say \fBb.a\fR), \fBar t b.a fie\fR lists only the
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first instance; to see them all, you must ask for a complete
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listing\-\-\-in our example, \fBar t b.a\fR.
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.IP "\fBx\fR" 4
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.IX Item "x"
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\&\fIExtract\fR members (named \fImember\fR) from the archive. You can
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use the \fBv\fR modifier with this operation, to request that
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\&\fBar\fR list each name as it extracts it.
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.Sp
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If you do not specify a \fImember\fR, all files in the archive
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are extracted.
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.Sp
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Files cannot be extracted from a thin archive, and there are
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restrictions on extracting from archives created with \fBP\fR: The
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paths must not be absolute, may not contain \f(CW\*(C`..\*(C'\fR, and any
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subdirectories in the paths must exist. If it is desired to avoid
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these restrictions then used the \fB\-\-output\fR option to specify
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an output directory.
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.PP
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A number of modifiers (\fImod\fR) may immediately follow the \fIp\fR
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keyletter, to specify variations on an operation's behavior:
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.IP "\fBa\fR" 4
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.IX Item "a"
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Add new files \fIafter\fR an existing member of the
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archive. If you use the modifier \fBa\fR, the name of an existing archive
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|
member must be present as the \fIrelpos\fR argument, before the
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\&\fIarchive\fR specification.
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.IP "\fBb\fR" 4
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.IX Item "b"
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Add new files \fIbefore\fR an existing member of the
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|
archive. If you use the modifier \fBb\fR, the name of an existing archive
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|
member must be present as the \fIrelpos\fR argument, before the
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\&\fIarchive\fR specification. (same as \fBi\fR).
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.IP "\fBc\fR" 4
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.IX Item "c"
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\&\fICreate\fR the archive. The specified \fIarchive\fR is always
|
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created if it did not exist, when you request an update. But a warning is
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issued unless you specify in advance that you expect to create it, by
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using this modifier.
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.IP "\fBD\fR" 4
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.IX Item "D"
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Operate in \fIdeterministic\fR mode. When adding files and the archive
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index use zero for UIDs, GIDs, timestamps, and use consistent file modes
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for all files. When this option is used, if \fBar\fR is used with
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identical options and identical input files, multiple runs will create
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identical output files regardless of the input files' owners, groups,
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file modes, or modification times.
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.Sp
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If \fIbinutils\fR was configured with
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\&\fB\-\-enable\-deterministic\-archives\fR, then this mode is on by default.
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It can be disabled with the \fBU\fR modifier, below.
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.IP "\fBf\fR" 4
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.IX Item "f"
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Truncate names in the archive. \s-1GNU\s0 \fBar\fR will normally permit file
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names of any length. This will cause it to create archives which are
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not compatible with the native \fBar\fR program on some systems. If
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|
this is a concern, the \fBf\fR modifier may be used to truncate file
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|
names when putting them in the archive.
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.IP "\fBi\fR" 4
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.IX Item "i"
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|
Insert new files \fIbefore\fR an existing member of the
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|
archive. If you use the modifier \fBi\fR, the name of an existing archive
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|
member must be present as the \fIrelpos\fR argument, before the
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\&\fIarchive\fR specification. (same as \fBb\fR).
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.IP "\fBl\fR" 4
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.IX Item "l"
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Specify dependencies of this library. The dependencies must immediately
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follow this option character, must use the same syntax as the linker
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|
command line, and must be specified within a single argument. I.e., if
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multiple items are needed, they must be quoted to form a single command
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|
line argument. For example \fBL \*(L"\-L/usr/local/lib \-lmydep1 \-lmydep2\*(R"\fR
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.IP "\fBN\fR" 4
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.IX Item "N"
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Uses the \fIcount\fR parameter. This is used if there are multiple
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entries in the archive with the same name. Extract or delete instance
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\&\fIcount\fR of the given name from the archive.
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.IP "\fBo\fR" 4
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.IX Item "o"
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Preserve the \fIoriginal\fR dates of members when extracting them. If
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you do not specify this modifier, files extracted from the archive
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are stamped with the time of extraction.
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.IP "\fBO\fR" 4
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.IX Item "O"
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Display member offsets inside the archive. Use together with the \fBt\fR
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option.
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.IP "\fBP\fR" 4
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.IX Item "P"
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Use the full path name when matching or storing names in the archive.
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Archives created with full path names are not \s-1POSIX\s0 compliant, and
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thus may not work with tools other than up to date \s-1GNU\s0 tools.
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Modifying such archives with \s-1GNU\s0 \fBar\fR without using
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\&\fBP\fR will remove the full path names unless the archive is a
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|
thin archive. Note that \fBP\fR may be useful when adding files to
|
|
a thin archive since \fBr\fR without \fBP\fR ignores the path
|
|
when choosing which element to replace. Thus
|
|
.Sp
|
|
.Vb 1
|
|
\& ar rcST archive.a subdir/file1 subdir/file2 file1
|
|
.Ve
|
|
.Sp
|
|
will result in the first \f(CW\*(C`subdir/file1\*(C'\fR being replaced with
|
|
\&\f(CW\*(C`file1\*(C'\fR from the current directory. Adding \fBP\fR will
|
|
prevent this replacement.
|
|
.IP "\fBs\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "s"
|
|
Write an object-file index into the archive, or update an existing one,
|
|
even if no other change is made to the archive. You may use this modifier
|
|
flag either with any operation, or alone. Running \fBar s\fR on an
|
|
archive is equivalent to running \fBranlib\fR on it.
|
|
.IP "\fBS\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "S"
|
|
Do not generate an archive symbol table. This can speed up building a
|
|
large library in several steps. The resulting archive can not be used
|
|
with the linker. In order to build a symbol table, you must omit the
|
|
\&\fBS\fR modifier on the last execution of \fBar\fR, or you must run
|
|
\&\fBranlib\fR on the archive.
|
|
.IP "\fBT\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "T"
|
|
Deprecated alias for \fB\-\-thin\fR. \fBT\fR is not recommended because in
|
|
many ar implementations \fBT\fR has a different meaning, as specified by
|
|
X/Open System Interface.
|
|
.IP "\fBu\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "u"
|
|
Normally, \fBar r\fR... inserts all files
|
|
listed into the archive. If you would like to insert \fIonly\fR those
|
|
of the files you list that are newer than existing members of the same
|
|
names, use this modifier. The \fBu\fR modifier is allowed only for the
|
|
operation \fBr\fR (replace). In particular, the combination \fBqu\fR is
|
|
not allowed, since checking the timestamps would lose any speed
|
|
advantage from the operation \fBq\fR.
|
|
.IP "\fBU\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "U"
|
|
Do \fInot\fR operate in \fIdeterministic\fR mode. This is the inverse
|
|
of the \fBD\fR modifier, above: added files and the archive index will
|
|
get their actual \s-1UID, GID,\s0 timestamp, and file mode values.
|
|
.Sp
|
|
This is the default unless \fIbinutils\fR was configured with
|
|
\&\fB\-\-enable\-deterministic\-archives\fR.
|
|
.IP "\fBv\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "v"
|
|
This modifier requests the \fIverbose\fR version of an operation. Many
|
|
operations display additional information, such as filenames processed,
|
|
when the modifier \fBv\fR is appended.
|
|
.IP "\fBV\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "V"
|
|
This modifier shows the version number of \fBar\fR.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The \fBar\fR program also supports some command-line options which
|
|
are neither modifiers nor actions, but which do change its behaviour
|
|
in specific ways:
|
|
.IP "\fB\-\-help\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "--help"
|
|
Displays the list of command-line options supported by \fBar\fR
|
|
and then exits.
|
|
.IP "\fB\-\-version\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "--version"
|
|
Displays the version information of \fBar\fR and then exits.
|
|
.IP "\fB\-X32_64\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "-X32_64"
|
|
\&\fBar\fR ignores an initial option spelled \fB\-X32_64\fR, for
|
|
compatibility with \s-1AIX.\s0 The behaviour produced by this option is the
|
|
default for \s-1GNU\s0 \fBar\fR. \fBar\fR does not support any
|
|
of the other \fB\-X\fR options; in particular, it does not support
|
|
\&\fB\-X32\fR which is the default for \s-1AIX\s0 \fBar\fR.
|
|
.IP "\fB\-\-plugin\fR \fIname\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "--plugin name"
|
|
The optional command-line switch \fB\-\-plugin\fR \fIname\fR causes
|
|
\&\fBar\fR to load the plugin called \fIname\fR which adds support
|
|
for more file formats, including object files with link-time
|
|
optimization information.
|
|
.Sp
|
|
This option is only available if the toolchain has been built with
|
|
plugin support enabled.
|
|
.Sp
|
|
If \fB\-\-plugin\fR is not provided, but plugin support has been
|
|
enabled then \fBar\fR iterates over the files in
|
|
\&\fI${libdir}/bfd\-plugins\fR in alphabetic order and the first
|
|
plugin that claims the object in question is used.
|
|
.Sp
|
|
Please note that this plugin search directory is \fInot\fR the one
|
|
used by \fBld\fR's \fB\-plugin\fR option. In order to make
|
|
\&\fBar\fR use the linker plugin it must be copied into the
|
|
\&\fI${libdir}/bfd\-plugins\fR directory. For \s-1GCC\s0 based compilations
|
|
the linker plugin is called \fIliblto_plugin.so.0.0.0\fR. For Clang
|
|
based compilations it is called \fILLVMgold.so\fR. The \s-1GCC\s0 plugin
|
|
is always backwards compatible with earlier versions, so it is
|
|
sufficient to just copy the newest one.
|
|
.IP "\fB\-\-target\fR \fItarget\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "--target target"
|
|
The optional command-line switch \fB\-\-target\fR \fIbfdname\fR
|
|
specifies that the archive members are in an object code format
|
|
different from your system's default format. See
|
|
.IP "\fB\-\-output\fR \fIdirname\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "--output dirname"
|
|
The \fB\-\-output\fR option can be used to specify a path to a
|
|
directory into which archive members should be extracted. If this
|
|
option is not specified then the current directory will be used.
|
|
.Sp
|
|
Note \- although the presence of this option does imply a \fBx\fR
|
|
extraction operation that option must still be included on the command
|
|
line.
|
|
.IP "\fB\-\-record\-libdeps\fR \fIlibdeps\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "--record-libdeps libdeps"
|
|
The \fB\-\-record\-libdeps\fR option is identical to the \fBl\fR modifier,
|
|
just handled in long form.
|
|
.IP "\fB\-\-thin\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "--thin"
|
|
Make the specified \fIarchive\fR a \fIthin\fR archive. If it already
|
|
exists and is a regular archive, the existing members must be present
|
|
in the same directory as \fIarchive\fR.
|
|
.IP "\fB@\fR\fIfile\fR" 4
|
|
.IX Item "@file"
|
|
Read command-line options from \fIfile\fR. The options read are
|
|
inserted in place of the original @\fIfile\fR option. If \fIfile\fR
|
|
does not exist, or cannot be read, then the option will be treated
|
|
literally, and not removed.
|
|
.Sp
|
|
Options in \fIfile\fR are separated by whitespace. A whitespace
|
|
character may be included in an option by surrounding the entire
|
|
option in either single or double quotes. Any character (including a
|
|
backslash) may be included by prefixing the character to be included
|
|
with a backslash. The \fIfile\fR may itself contain additional
|
|
@\fIfile\fR options; any such options will be processed recursively.
|
|
.SH "SEE ALSO"
|
|
.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
|
|
\&\fBnm\fR\|(1), \fBranlib\fR\|(1), and the Info entries for \fIbinutils\fR.
|
|
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
|
|
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
|
|
Copyright (c) 1991\-2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
|
|
under the terms of the \s-1GNU\s0 Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
|
|
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
|
|
with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
|
|
Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
|
|
section entitled \*(L"\s-1GNU\s0 Free Documentation License\*(R".
|