162 lines
6 KiB
ReStructuredText
162 lines
6 KiB
ReStructuredText
.. _secret data:
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Providing secret data to QEMU
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-----------------------------
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There are a variety of objects in QEMU which require secret data to be provided
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by the administrator or management application. For example, network block
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devices often require a password, LUKS block devices require a passphrase to
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unlock key material, remote desktop services require an access password.
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QEMU has a general purpose mechanism for providing secret data to QEMU in a
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secure manner, using the ``secret`` object type.
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At startup this can be done using the ``-object secret,...`` command line
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argument. At runtime this can be done using the ``object_add`` QMP / HMP
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monitor commands. The examples that follow will illustrate use of ``-object``
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command lines, but they all apply equivalentely in QMP / HMP. When creating
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a ``secret`` object it must be given a unique ID string. This ID is then
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used to identify the object when configuring the thing which need the data.
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INSECURE: Passing secrets as clear text inline
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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**The following should never be done in a production environment or on a
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multi-user host. Command line arguments are usually visible in the process
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listings and are often collected in log files by system monitoring agents
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or bug reporting tools. QMP/HMP commands and their arguments are also often
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logged and attached to bug reports. This all risks compromising secrets that
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are passed inline.**
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For the convenience of people debugging / developing with QEMU, it is possible
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to pass secret data inline on the command line.
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::
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-object secret,id=secvnc0,data=87539319
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Again it is possible to provide the data in base64 encoded format, which is
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particularly useful if the data contains binary characters that would clash
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with argument parsing.
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::
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-object secret,id=secvnc0,data=ODc1MzkzMTk=,format=base64
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**Note: base64 encoding does not provide any security benefit.**
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Passing secrets as clear text via a file
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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The simplest approach to providing data securely is to use a file to store
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the secret:
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::
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-object secret,id=secvnc0,file=vnc-password.txt
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In this example the file ``vnc-password.txt`` contains the plain text secret
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data. It is important to note that the contents of the file are treated as an
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opaque blob. The entire raw file contents is used as the value, thus it is
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important not to mistakenly add any trailing newline character in the file if
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this newline is not intended to be part of the secret data.
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In some cases it might be more convenient to pass the secret data in base64
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format and have QEMU decode to get the raw bytes before use:
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::
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-object secret,id=sec0,file=vnc-password.txt,format=base64
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The file should generally be given mode ``0600`` or ``0400`` permissions, and
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have its user/group ownership set to the same account that the QEMU process
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will be launched under. If using mandatory access control such as SELinux, then
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the file should be labelled to only grant access to the specific QEMU process
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that needs access. This will prevent other processes/users from compromising the
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secret data.
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Passing secrets as cipher text inline
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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To address the insecurity of passing secrets inline as clear text, it is
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possible to configure a second secret as an AES key to use for decrypting
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the data.
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The secret used as the AES key must always be configured using the file based
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storage mechanism:
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::
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-object secret,id=secmaster,file=masterkey.data,format=base64
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In this case the ``masterkey.data`` file would be initialized with 32
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cryptographically secure random bytes, which are then base64 encoded.
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The contents of this file will by used as an AES-256 key to encrypt the
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real secret that can now be safely passed to QEMU inline as cipher text
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::
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-object secret,id=secvnc0,keyid=secmaster,data=BASE64-CIPHERTEXT,iv=BASE64-IV,format=base64
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In this example ``BASE64-CIPHERTEXT`` is the result of AES-256-CBC encrypting
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the secret with ``masterkey.data`` and then base64 encoding the ciphertext.
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The ``BASE64-IV`` data is 16 random bytes which have been base64 encrypted.
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These bytes are used as the initialization vector for the AES-256-CBC value.
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A single master key can be used to encrypt all subsequent secrets, **but it is
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critical that a different initialization vector is used for every secret**.
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Passing secrets via the Linux keyring
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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The earlier mechanisms described are platform agnostic. If using QEMU on a Linux
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host, it is further possible to pass secrets to QEMU using the Linux keyring:
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::
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-object secret_keyring,id=secvnc0,serial=1729
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This instructs QEMU to load data from the Linux keyring secret identified by
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the serial number ``1729``. It is possible to combine use of the keyring with
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other features mentioned earlier such as base64 encoding:
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::
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-object secret_keyring,id=secvnc0,serial=1729,format=base64
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and also encryption with a master key:
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::
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-object secret_keyring,id=secvnc0,keyid=secmaster,serial=1729,iv=BASE64-IV
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Best practice
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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It is recommended for production deployments to use a master key secret, and
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then pass all subsequent inline secrets encrypted with the master key.
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Each QEMU instance must have a distinct master key, and that must be generated
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from a cryptographically secure random data source. The master key should be
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deleted immediately upon QEMU shutdown. If passing the master key as a file,
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the key file must have access control rules applied that restrict access to
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just the one QEMU process that is intended to use it. Alternatively the Linux
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keyring can be used to pass the master key to QEMU.
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The secrets for individual QEMU device backends must all then be encrypted
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with this master key.
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This procedure helps ensure that the individual secrets for QEMU backends will
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not be compromised, even if ``-object`` CLI args or ``object_add`` monitor
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commands are collected in log files and attached to public bug support tickets.
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The only item that needs strongly protecting is the master key file.
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