tests: Convert binascii.hexlify() output to a string object for python3

This is needed in cases the hexlify() output is used to concatenate with
a string or used in string comparisons.

Signed-off-by: Masashi Honma <masashi.honma@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Jouni Malinen <j@w1.fi>

tests/hwsim/hostapd.py

@@ -329,7 +329,8 @@ class Hostapd:
     def mgmt_tx(self, msg):
         t = (msg['fc'], 0) + mac2tuple(msg['da']) + mac2tuple(msg['sa']) + mac2tuple(msg['bssid']) + (0,)
         hdr = struct.pack('<HH6B6B6BH', *t)
-        if "OK" not in self.request("MGMT_TX " + binascii.hexlify(hdr + msg['payload'])):
+        res = self.request("MGMT_TX " + binascii.hexlify(hdr + msg['payload']).decode())
+        if "OK" not in res:
             raise Exception("MGMT_TX command to hostapd failed")
 
     def get_sta(self, addr, info=None, next=False):

tests/hwsim/test_ap_ft.py

@@ -753,22 +753,22 @@ def test_ap_ft_over_ds_unexpected(dev, apdev):
     hapd1ap.mgmt_tx(msg)
 
     logger.info("No R0KH-ID subelem in FTIE")
-    snonce = binascii.hexlify(req['payload'][111:111+32])
+    snonce = binascii.hexlify(req['payload'][111:111+32]).decode()
     msg['payload'] = binascii.unhexlify("0602" + addrs + "00003603a1b20137520000" + "00000000000000000000000000000000" + "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000" + snonce)
     hapd1ap.mgmt_tx(msg)
 
     logger.info("No R0KH-ID subelem mismatch in FTIE")
-    snonce = binascii.hexlify(req['payload'][111:111+32])
+    snonce = binascii.hexlify(req['payload'][111:111+32]).decode()
     msg['payload'] = binascii.unhexlify("0602" + addrs + "00003603a1b201375e0000" + "00000000000000000000000000000000" + "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000" + snonce + "030a11223344556677889900")
     hapd1ap.mgmt_tx(msg)
 
     logger.info("No R1KH-ID subelem in FTIE")
-    r0khid = binascii.hexlify(req['payload'][145:145+10])
+    r0khid = binascii.hexlify(req['payload'][145:145+10]).decode()
     msg['payload'] = binascii.unhexlify("0602" + addrs + "00003603a1b201375e0000" + "00000000000000000000000000000000" + "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000" + snonce + "030a" + r0khid)
     hapd1ap.mgmt_tx(msg)
 
     logger.info("No RSNE")
-    r0khid = binascii.hexlify(req['payload'][145:145+10])
+    r0khid = binascii.hexlify(req['payload'][145:145+10]).decode()
     msg['payload'] = binascii.unhexlify("0602" + addrs + "00003603a1b20137660000" + "00000000000000000000000000000000" + "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000" + snonce + "030a" + r0khid + "0106000102030405")
     hapd1ap.mgmt_tx(msg)
 
@@ -2066,77 +2066,77 @@ def test_ap_ft_rrb(dev, apdev):
 
     # Too short RRB frame
     pkt = ehdr + '\x01'
-    if "OK" not in dev[0].request("DATA_TEST_FRAME " + binascii.hexlify(pkt)):
+    if "OK" not in dev[0].request("DATA_TEST_FRAME " + binascii.hexlify(pkt).decode()):
         raise Exception("DATA_TEST_FRAME failed")
 
     # RRB discarded frame wikth unrecognized type
     pkt = ehdr + '\x02' + '\x02' + '\x01\x00' + _src_ll
-    if "OK" not in dev[0].request("DATA_TEST_FRAME " + binascii.hexlify(pkt)):
+    if "OK" not in dev[0].request("DATA_TEST_FRAME " + binascii.hexlify(pkt).decode()):
         raise Exception("DATA_TEST_FRAME failed")
 
     # RRB frame too short for action frame
     pkt = ehdr + '\x01' + '\x02' + '\x01\x00' + _src_ll
-    if "OK" not in dev[0].request("DATA_TEST_FRAME " + binascii.hexlify(pkt)):
+    if "OK" not in dev[0].request("DATA_TEST_FRAME " + binascii.hexlify(pkt).decode()):
         raise Exception("DATA_TEST_FRAME failed")
 
     # Too short RRB frame (not enough room for Action Frame body)
     pkt = ehdr + '\x01' + '\x02' + '\x00\x00' + _src_ll
-    if "OK" not in dev[0].request("DATA_TEST_FRAME " + binascii.hexlify(pkt)):
+    if "OK" not in dev[0].request("DATA_TEST_FRAME " + binascii.hexlify(pkt).decode()):
         raise Exception("DATA_TEST_FRAME failed")
 
     # Unexpected Action frame category
     pkt = ehdr + '\x01' + '\x02' + '\x0e\x00' + _src_ll + '\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00'
-    if "OK" not in dev[0].request("DATA_TEST_FRAME " + binascii.hexlify(pkt)):
+    if "OK" not in dev[0].request("DATA_TEST_FRAME " + binascii.hexlify(pkt).decode()):
         raise Exception("DATA_TEST_FRAME failed")
 
     # Unexpected Action in RRB Request
     pkt = ehdr + '\x01' + '\x00' + '\x0e\x00' + _src_ll + '\x06\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00'
-    if "OK" not in dev[0].request("DATA_TEST_FRAME " + binascii.hexlify(pkt)):
+    if "OK" not in dev[0].request("DATA_TEST_FRAME " + binascii.hexlify(pkt).decode()):
         raise Exception("DATA_TEST_FRAME failed")
 
     # Target AP address in RRB Request does not match with own address
     pkt = ehdr + '\x01' + '\x00' + '\x0e\x00' + _src_ll + '\x06\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00'
-    if "OK" not in dev[0].request("DATA_TEST_FRAME " + binascii.hexlify(pkt)):
+    if "OK" not in dev[0].request("DATA_TEST_FRAME " + binascii.hexlify(pkt).decode()):
         raise Exception("DATA_TEST_FRAME failed")
 
     # Not enough room for status code in RRB Response
     pkt = ehdr + '\x01' + '\x01' + '\x0e\x00' + _src_ll + '\x06\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00'
-    if "OK" not in dev[0].request("DATA_TEST_FRAME " + binascii.hexlify(pkt)):
+    if "OK" not in dev[0].request("DATA_TEST_FRAME " + binascii.hexlify(pkt).decode()):
         raise Exception("DATA_TEST_FRAME failed")
 
     # RRB discarded frame with unknown packet_type
     pkt = ehdr + '\x01' + '\x02' + '\x0e\x00' + _src_ll + '\x06\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00'
-    if "OK" not in dev[0].request("DATA_TEST_FRAME " + binascii.hexlify(pkt)):
+    if "OK" not in dev[0].request("DATA_TEST_FRAME " + binascii.hexlify(pkt).decode()):
         raise Exception("DATA_TEST_FRAME failed")
 
     # RRB Response with non-zero status code; no STA match
     pkt = ehdr + '\x01' + '\x01' + '\x10\x00' + _src_ll + '\x06\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00' + '\xff\xff'
-    if "OK" not in dev[0].request("DATA_TEST_FRAME " + binascii.hexlify(pkt)):
+    if "OK" not in dev[0].request("DATA_TEST_FRAME " + binascii.hexlify(pkt).decode()):
         raise Exception("DATA_TEST_FRAME failed")
 
     # RRB Response with zero status code and extra data; STA match
     pkt = ehdr + '\x01' + '\x01' + '\x11\x00' + _src_ll + '\x06\x01' + _src_ll + '\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00' + '\x00\x00' + '\x00'
-    if "OK" not in dev[0].request("DATA_TEST_FRAME " + binascii.hexlify(pkt)):
+    if "OK" not in dev[0].request("DATA_TEST_FRAME " + binascii.hexlify(pkt).decode()):
         raise Exception("DATA_TEST_FRAME failed")
 
     # Too short PMK-R1 pull
     pkt = ehdr + '\x01' + '\xc8' + '\x0e\x00' + _src_ll + '\x06\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00'
-    if "OK" not in dev[0].request("DATA_TEST_FRAME " + binascii.hexlify(pkt)):
+    if "OK" not in dev[0].request("DATA_TEST_FRAME " + binascii.hexlify(pkt).decode()):
         raise Exception("DATA_TEST_FRAME failed")
 
     # Too short PMK-R1 resp
     pkt = ehdr + '\x01' + '\xc9' + '\x0e\x00' + _src_ll + '\x06\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00'
-    if "OK" not in dev[0].request("DATA_TEST_FRAME " + binascii.hexlify(pkt)):
+    if "OK" not in dev[0].request("DATA_TEST_FRAME " + binascii.hexlify(pkt).decode()):
         raise Exception("DATA_TEST_FRAME failed")
 
     # Too short PMK-R1 push
     pkt = ehdr + '\x01' + '\xca' + '\x0e\x00' + _src_ll + '\x06\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00'
-    if "OK" not in dev[0].request("DATA_TEST_FRAME " + binascii.hexlify(pkt)):
+    if "OK" not in dev[0].request("DATA_TEST_FRAME " + binascii.hexlify(pkt).decode()):
         raise Exception("DATA_TEST_FRAME failed")
 
     # No matching R0KH address found for PMK-R0 pull response
     pkt = ehdr + '\x01' + '\xc9' + '\x5a\x00' + _src_ll + '\x06\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00' + 76*'\00'
-    if "OK" not in dev[0].request("DATA_TEST_FRAME " + binascii.hexlify(pkt)):
+    if "OK" not in dev[0].request("DATA_TEST_FRAME " + binascii.hexlify(pkt).decode()):
         raise Exception("DATA_TEST_FRAME failed")
 
 @remote_compatible
@@ -2348,7 +2348,7 @@ def test_ap_ft_ric(dev, apdev):
         dev[0].dump_monitor()
 
 def ie_hex(ies, id):
-    return binascii.hexlify(struct.pack('BB', id, len(ies[id])) + ies[id])
+    return binascii.hexlify(struct.pack('BB', id, len(ies[id])) + ies[id]).decode()
 
 def test_ap_ft_reassoc_proto(dev, apdev):
     """WPA2-PSK-FT AP Reassociation Request frame parsing"""
@@ -2375,7 +2375,7 @@ def test_ap_ft_reassoc_proto(dev, apdev):
 
     while True:
         req = hapd2ap.mgmt_rx()
-        hapd2ap.request("MGMT_RX_PROCESS freq=2412 datarate=0 ssi_signal=-30 frame=" + binascii.hexlify(req['frame']))
+        hapd2ap.request("MGMT_RX_PROCESS freq=2412 datarate=0 ssi_signal=-30 frame=" + binascii.hexlify(req['frame']).decode())
         if req['subtype'] == 11:
             break
 
@@ -2383,10 +2383,10 @@ def test_ap_ft_reassoc_proto(dev, apdev):
         req = hapd2ap.mgmt_rx()
         if req['subtype'] == 2:
             break
-        hapd2ap.request("MGMT_RX_PROCESS freq=2412 datarate=0 ssi_signal=-30 frame=" + binascii.hexlify(req['frame']))
+        hapd2ap.request("MGMT_RX_PROCESS freq=2412 datarate=0 ssi_signal=-30 frame=" + binascii.hexlify(req['frame']).decode())
 
     # IEEE 802.11 header + fixed fields before IEs
-    hdr = binascii.hexlify(req['frame'][0:34])
+    hdr = binascii.hexlify(req['frame'][0:34]).decode()
     ies = parse_ie(binascii.hexlify(req['frame'][34:]))
     # First elements: SSID, Supported Rates, Extended Supported Rates
     ies1 = ie_hex(ies, 0) + ie_hex(ies, 1) + ie_hex(ies, 50)
@@ -2487,7 +2487,7 @@ def test_ap_ft_reassoc_replay(dev, apdev, params):
         req = hapd2ap.mgmt_rx()
         count += 1
         hapd2ap.dump_monitor()
-        hapd2ap.request("MGMT_RX_PROCESS freq=2412 datarate=0 ssi_signal=-30 frame=" + binascii.hexlify(req['frame']))
+        hapd2ap.request("MGMT_RX_PROCESS freq=2412 datarate=0 ssi_signal=-30 frame=" + binascii.hexlify(req['frame']).decode())
         if req['subtype'] == 2:
             reassocreq = req
             ev = hapd2ap.wait_event(["MGMT-TX-STATUS"], timeout=5)
@@ -2509,7 +2509,7 @@ def test_ap_ft_reassoc_replay(dev, apdev, params):
     logger.info("Replay the last Reassociation Request frame")
     hapd2ap.dump_monitor()
     hapd2ap.set("ext_mgmt_frame_handling", "1")
-    hapd2ap.request("MGMT_RX_PROCESS freq=2412 datarate=0 ssi_signal=-30 frame=" + binascii.hexlify(req['frame']))
+    hapd2ap.request("MGMT_RX_PROCESS freq=2412 datarate=0 ssi_signal=-30 frame=" + binascii.hexlify(req['frame']).decode())
     ev = hapd2ap.wait_event(["MGMT-TX-STATUS"], timeout=5)
     if ev is None:
         raise Exception("No TX status seen")

tests/hwsim/test_ap_hs20.py

@@ -3021,7 +3021,7 @@ def test_ap_hs20_fetch_osu(dev, apdev):
             break
         icon += base64.b64decode(res)
         pos += 1000
-    hex = binascii.hexlify(icon)
+    hex = binascii.hexlify(icon).decode()
     if not hex.startswith("0009696d6167652f706e677d1d"):
         raise Exception("Unexpected beacon binary header: " + hex)
     with open('w1fi_logo.png', 'r') as f:
@@ -3364,7 +3364,7 @@ def test_ap_hs20_req_operator_icon(dev, apdev):
     bss = dev[0].get_bss(bssid)
     if "hs20_operator_icon_metadata" not in bss:
         raise Exception("hs20_operator_icon_metadata missing from BSS entry")
-    if bss["hs20_operator_icon_metadata"] != binascii.hexlify(value):
+    if bss["hs20_operator_icon_metadata"] != binascii.hexlify(value).decode():
         print(binascii.hexlify(value))
         raise Exception("Unexpected hs20_operator_icon_metadata value: " +
                         bss["hs20_operator_icon_metadata"])
@@ -4141,19 +4141,19 @@ def _test_ap_hs20_proxyarp(dev, apdev):
     pkt = build_ns(src_ll=addr0, ip_src="aaaa:bbbb:cccc::2",
                    ip_dst="ff02::1:ff00:2", target="aaaa:bbbb:cccc::2",
                    opt=src_ll_opt0)
-    if "OK" not in dev[0].request("DATA_TEST_FRAME " + binascii.hexlify(pkt)):
+    if "OK" not in dev[0].request("DATA_TEST_FRAME " + binascii.hexlify(pkt).decode()):
         raise Exception("DATA_TEST_FRAME failed")
 
     pkt = build_ns(src_ll=addr1, ip_src="aaaa:bbbb:dddd::2",
                    ip_dst="ff02::1:ff00:2", target="aaaa:bbbb:dddd::2",
                    opt=src_ll_opt1)
-    if "OK" not in dev[1].request("DATA_TEST_FRAME " + binascii.hexlify(pkt)):
+    if "OK" not in dev[1].request("DATA_TEST_FRAME " + binascii.hexlify(pkt).decode()):
         raise Exception("DATA_TEST_FRAME failed")
 
     pkt = build_ns(src_ll=addr1, ip_src="aaaa:bbbb:eeee::2",
                    ip_dst="ff02::1:ff00:2", target="aaaa:bbbb:eeee::2",
                    opt=src_ll_opt1)
-    if "OK" not in dev[1].request("DATA_TEST_FRAME " + binascii.hexlify(pkt)):
+    if "OK" not in dev[1].request("DATA_TEST_FRAME " + binascii.hexlify(pkt).decode()):
         raise Exception("DATA_TEST_FRAME failed")
 
     matches = get_permanent_neighbors("ap-br0")
@@ -4263,29 +4263,29 @@ def _test_ap_hs20_proxyarp_dgaf(dev, apdev, disabled):
     pkt = build_ns(src_ll=addr0, ip_src="aaaa:bbbb:cccc::2",
                    ip_dst="ff02::1:ff00:2", target="aaaa:bbbb:cccc::2",
                    opt=src_ll_opt0)
-    if "OK" not in dev[0].request("DATA_TEST_FRAME " + binascii.hexlify(pkt)):
+    if "OK" not in dev[0].request("DATA_TEST_FRAME " + binascii.hexlify(pkt).decode()):
         raise Exception("DATA_TEST_FRAME failed")
 
     pkt = build_ra(src_ll=apdev[0]['bssid'], ip_src="aaaa:bbbb:cccc::33",
                    ip_dst="ff01::1")
-    if "OK" not in hapd.request("DATA_TEST_FRAME ifname=ap-br0 " + binascii.hexlify(pkt)):
+    if "OK" not in hapd.request("DATA_TEST_FRAME ifname=ap-br0 " + binascii.hexlify(pkt).decode()):
         raise Exception("DATA_TEST_FRAME failed")
 
     pkt = build_na(src_ll=apdev[0]['bssid'], ip_src="aaaa:bbbb:cccc::44",
                    ip_dst="ff01::1", target="aaaa:bbbb:cccc::55")
-    if "OK" not in hapd.request("DATA_TEST_FRAME ifname=ap-br0 " + binascii.hexlify(pkt)):
+    if "OK" not in hapd.request("DATA_TEST_FRAME ifname=ap-br0 " + binascii.hexlify(pkt).decode()):
         raise Exception("DATA_TEST_FRAME failed")
 
     pkt = build_dhcp_ack(dst_ll="ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff", src_ll=bssid,
                          ip_src="192.168.1.1", ip_dst="255.255.255.255",
                          yiaddr="192.168.1.123", chaddr=addr0)
-    if "OK" not in hapd.request("DATA_TEST_FRAME ifname=ap-br0 " + binascii.hexlify(pkt)):
+    if "OK" not in hapd.request("DATA_TEST_FRAME ifname=ap-br0 " + binascii.hexlify(pkt).decode()):
         raise Exception("DATA_TEST_FRAME failed")
     # another copy for additional code coverage
     pkt = build_dhcp_ack(dst_ll=addr0, src_ll=bssid,
                          ip_src="192.168.1.1", ip_dst="255.255.255.255",
                          yiaddr="192.168.1.123", chaddr=addr0)
-    if "OK" not in hapd.request("DATA_TEST_FRAME ifname=ap-br0 " + binascii.hexlify(pkt)):
+    if "OK" not in hapd.request("DATA_TEST_FRAME ifname=ap-br0 " + binascii.hexlify(pkt).decode()):
         raise Exception("DATA_TEST_FRAME failed")
 
     matches = get_permanent_neighbors("ap-br0")
@@ -4419,7 +4419,7 @@ def send_ns(dev, src_ll=None, target=None, ip_src=None, ip_dst=None, opt=None,
 
     pkt = build_ns(src_ll=src_ll, ip_src=ip_src, ip_dst=ip_dst, target=target,
                    opt=opt)
-    if "OK" not in dev.request(cmd + binascii.hexlify(pkt)):
+    if "OK" not in dev.request(cmd + binascii.hexlify(pkt).decode()):
         raise Exception("DATA_TEST_FRAME failed")
 
 def build_na(src_ll, ip_src, ip_dst, target, opt=None, flags=0):
@@ -4455,7 +4455,7 @@ def send_na(dev, src_ll=None, target=None, ip_src=None, ip_dst=None, opt=None,
 
     pkt = build_na(src_ll=src_ll, ip_src=ip_src, ip_dst=ip_dst, target=target,
                    opt=opt)
-    if "OK" not in dev.request(cmd + binascii.hexlify(pkt)):
+    if "OK" not in dev.request(cmd + binascii.hexlify(pkt).decode()):
         raise Exception("DATA_TEST_FRAME failed")
 
 def build_dhcp_ack(dst_ll, src_ll, ip_src, ip_dst, yiaddr, chaddr,
@@ -4559,7 +4559,7 @@ def send_arp(dev, dst_ll="ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff", src_ll=None, opcode=1,
     pkt = build_arp(dst_ll=dst_ll, src_ll=src_ll, opcode=opcode,
                     sender_mac=sender_mac, sender_ip=sender_ip,
                     target_mac=target_mac, target_ip=target_ip)
-    if "OK" not in dev.request(cmd + binascii.hexlify(pkt)):
+    if "OK" not in dev.request(cmd + binascii.hexlify(pkt).decode()):
         raise Exception("DATA_TEST_FRAME failed")
 
 def get_permanent_neighbors(ifname):
@@ -4695,28 +4695,28 @@ def _test_proxyarp_open(dev, apdev, params, ebtables=False):
     pkt = build_dhcp_ack(dst_ll="ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff", src_ll=bssid,
                          ip_src="192.168.1.1", ip_dst="255.255.255.255",
                          yiaddr="192.168.1.124", chaddr=addr0)
-    if "OK" not in hapd.request("DATA_TEST_FRAME ifname=ap-br0 " + binascii.hexlify(pkt)):
+    if "OK" not in hapd.request("DATA_TEST_FRAME ifname=ap-br0 " + binascii.hexlify(pkt).decode()):
         raise Exception("DATA_TEST_FRAME failed")
     # Change address and verify unicast
     pkt = build_dhcp_ack(dst_ll=addr0, src_ll=bssid,
                          ip_src="192.168.1.1", ip_dst="255.255.255.255",
                          yiaddr="192.168.1.123", chaddr=addr0,
                          udp_checksum=False)
-    if "OK" not in hapd.request("DATA_TEST_FRAME ifname=ap-br0 " + binascii.hexlify(pkt)):
+    if "OK" not in hapd.request("DATA_TEST_FRAME ifname=ap-br0 " + binascii.hexlify(pkt).decode()):
         raise Exception("DATA_TEST_FRAME failed")
 
     # Not-associated client MAC address
     pkt = build_dhcp_ack(dst_ll="ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff", src_ll=bssid,
                          ip_src="192.168.1.1", ip_dst="255.255.255.255",
                          yiaddr="192.168.1.125", chaddr="22:33:44:55:66:77")
-    if "OK" not in hapd.request("DATA_TEST_FRAME ifname=ap-br0 " + binascii.hexlify(pkt)):
+    if "OK" not in hapd.request("DATA_TEST_FRAME ifname=ap-br0 " + binascii.hexlify(pkt).decode()):
         raise Exception("DATA_TEST_FRAME failed")
 
     # No IP address
     pkt = build_dhcp_ack(dst_ll=addr1, src_ll=bssid,
                          ip_src="192.168.1.1", ip_dst="255.255.255.255",
                          yiaddr="0.0.0.0", chaddr=addr1)
-    if "OK" not in hapd.request("DATA_TEST_FRAME ifname=ap-br0 " + binascii.hexlify(pkt)):
+    if "OK" not in hapd.request("DATA_TEST_FRAME ifname=ap-br0 " + binascii.hexlify(pkt).decode()):
         raise Exception("DATA_TEST_FRAME failed")
 
     # Zero subnet mask
@@ -4724,7 +4724,7 @@ def _test_proxyarp_open(dev, apdev, params, ebtables=False):
                          ip_src="192.168.1.1", ip_dst="255.255.255.255",
                          yiaddr="192.168.1.126", chaddr=addr1,
                          subnet_mask="0.0.0.0")
-    if "OK" not in hapd.request("DATA_TEST_FRAME ifname=ap-br0 " + binascii.hexlify(pkt)):
+    if "OK" not in hapd.request("DATA_TEST_FRAME ifname=ap-br0 " + binascii.hexlify(pkt).decode()):
         raise Exception("DATA_TEST_FRAME failed")
 
     # Truncated option
@@ -4732,7 +4732,7 @@ def _test_proxyarp_open(dev, apdev, params, ebtables=False):
                          ip_src="192.168.1.1", ip_dst="255.255.255.255",
                          yiaddr="192.168.1.127", chaddr=addr1,
                          truncated_opt=True)
-    if "OK" not in hapd.request("DATA_TEST_FRAME ifname=ap-br0 " + binascii.hexlify(pkt)):
+    if "OK" not in hapd.request("DATA_TEST_FRAME ifname=ap-br0 " + binascii.hexlify(pkt).decode()):
         raise Exception("DATA_TEST_FRAME failed")
 
     # Wrong magic
@@ -4740,7 +4740,7 @@ def _test_proxyarp_open(dev, apdev, params, ebtables=False):
                          ip_src="192.168.1.1", ip_dst="255.255.255.255",
                          yiaddr="192.168.1.128", chaddr=addr1,
                          wrong_magic=True)
-    if "OK" not in hapd.request("DATA_TEST_FRAME ifname=ap-br0 " + binascii.hexlify(pkt)):
+    if "OK" not in hapd.request("DATA_TEST_FRAME ifname=ap-br0 " + binascii.hexlify(pkt).decode()):
         raise Exception("DATA_TEST_FRAME failed")
 
     # Wrong IPv4 total length
@@ -4748,7 +4748,7 @@ def _test_proxyarp_open(dev, apdev, params, ebtables=False):
                          ip_src="192.168.1.1", ip_dst="255.255.255.255",
                          yiaddr="192.168.1.129", chaddr=addr1,
                          force_tot_len=1000)
-    if "OK" not in hapd.request("DATA_TEST_FRAME ifname=ap-br0 " + binascii.hexlify(pkt)):
+    if "OK" not in hapd.request("DATA_TEST_FRAME ifname=ap-br0 " + binascii.hexlify(pkt).decode()):
         raise Exception("DATA_TEST_FRAME failed")
 
     # BOOTP
@@ -4756,7 +4756,7 @@ def _test_proxyarp_open(dev, apdev, params, ebtables=False):
                          ip_src="192.168.1.1", ip_dst="255.255.255.255",
                          yiaddr="192.168.1.129", chaddr=addr1,
                          no_dhcp=True)
-    if "OK" not in hapd.request("DATA_TEST_FRAME ifname=ap-br0 " + binascii.hexlify(pkt)):
+    if "OK" not in hapd.request("DATA_TEST_FRAME ifname=ap-br0 " + binascii.hexlify(pkt).decode()):
         raise Exception("DATA_TEST_FRAME failed")
 
     macs = get_bridge_macs("ap-br0")
@@ -5283,7 +5283,7 @@ def run_proxyarp_errors(dev, apdev, params):
     pkt = build_ra(src_ll=apdev[0]['bssid'], ip_src="aaaa:bbbb:cccc::33",
                    ip_dst="ff01::1")
     with fail_test(hapd, 1, "x_snoop_mcast_to_ucast_convert_send"):
-        if "OK" not in hapd.request("DATA_TEST_FRAME ifname=ap-br0 " + binascii.hexlify(pkt)):
+        if "OK" not in hapd.request("DATA_TEST_FRAME ifname=ap-br0 " + binascii.hexlify(pkt).decode()):
             raise Exception("DATA_TEST_FRAME failed")
         wait_fail_trigger(dev[0], "GET_FAIL")
 
@@ -5292,7 +5292,7 @@ def run_proxyarp_errors(dev, apdev, params):
         pkt = build_ns(src_ll=addr0, ip_src="aaaa:bbbb:cccc::2",
                        ip_dst="ff02::1:ff00:2", target="aaaa:bbbb:cccc::2",
                        opt=src_ll_opt0)
-        if "OK" not in dev[0].request("DATA_TEST_FRAME " + binascii.hexlify(pkt)):
+        if "OK" not in dev[0].request("DATA_TEST_FRAME " + binascii.hexlify(pkt).decode()):
             raise Exception("DATA_TEST_FRAME failed")
         wait_fail_trigger(dev[0], "GET_ALLOC_FAIL")
 

tests/hwsim/test_ap_psk.py

@@ -1307,7 +1307,7 @@ def recv_eapol(hapd):
     return parse_eapol(eapol)
 
 def send_eapol(hapd, addr, data):
-    res = hapd.request("EAPOL_RX " + addr + " " + binascii.hexlify(data))
+    res = hapd.request("EAPOL_RX " + addr + " " + binascii.hexlify(data).decode())
     if "OK" not in res:
         raise Exception("EAPOL_RX to hostapd failed")
 

tests/hwsim/test_ap_wps.py

@@ -6261,7 +6261,7 @@ def build_eap_failure(eap_id):
     return msg
 
 def send_wsc_msg(dev, src, msg):
-    res = dev.request("EAPOL_RX " + src + " " + binascii.hexlify(msg))
+    res = dev.request("EAPOL_RX " + src + " " + binascii.hexlify(msg).decode())
     if "OK" not in res:
         raise Exception("EAPOL_RX failed")
 
@@ -6369,33 +6369,33 @@ def wsc_dh_kdf(peer_pk, own_private, mac_addr, e_nonce, r_nonce):
     logger.debug("DH shared secret: " + ss)
 
     dhkey = hashlib.sha256(binascii.unhexlify(ss)).digest()
-    logger.debug("DHKey: " + binascii.hexlify(dhkey))
+    logger.debug("DHKey: " + binascii.hexlify(dhkey).decode())
 
     m = hmac.new(dhkey, e_nonce + mac_addr + r_nonce, hashlib.sha256)
     kdk = m.digest()
-    logger.debug("KDK: " + binascii.hexlify(kdk))
+    logger.debug("KDK: " + binascii.hexlify(kdk).decode())
     authkey,keywrapkey,emsk = wsc_keys(kdk)
-    logger.debug("AuthKey: " + binascii.hexlify(authkey))
+    logger.debug("AuthKey: " + binascii.hexlify(authkey).decode())
-    logger.debug("KeyWrapKey: " + binascii.hexlify(keywrapkey))
+    logger.debug("KeyWrapKey: " + binascii.hexlify(keywrapkey).decode())
-    logger.debug("EMSK: " + binascii.hexlify(emsk))
+    logger.debug("EMSK: " + binascii.hexlify(emsk).decode())
     return authkey,keywrapkey
 
 def wsc_dev_pw_hash(authkey, dev_pw, e_pk, r_pk):
     psk1,psk2 = wsc_dev_pw_psk(authkey, dev_pw)
-    logger.debug("PSK1: " + binascii.hexlify(psk1))
+    logger.debug("PSK1: " + binascii.hexlify(psk1).decode())
-    logger.debug("PSK2: " + binascii.hexlify(psk2))
+    logger.debug("PSK2: " + binascii.hexlify(psk2).decode())
 
     # Note: Secret values are supposed to be random, but hardcoded values are
     # fine for testing.
     s1 = 16*'\x77'
     m = hmac.new(authkey, s1 + psk1 + e_pk + r_pk, hashlib.sha256)
     hash1 = m.digest()
-    logger.debug("Hash1: " + binascii.hexlify(hash1))
+    logger.debug("Hash1: " + binascii.hexlify(hash1).decode())
 
     s2 = 16*'\x88'
     m = hmac.new(authkey, s2 + psk2 + e_pk + r_pk, hashlib.sha256)
     hash2 = m.digest()
-    logger.debug("Hash2: " + binascii.hexlify(hash2))
+    logger.debug("Hash2: " + binascii.hexlify(hash2).decode())
     return s1,s2,hash1,hash2
 
 def build_m1(eap_id, uuid_e, mac_addr, e_nonce, e_pk,
@@ -6583,7 +6583,7 @@ def test_wps_ext(dev, apdev):
     msg, m8_attrs, raw_m8_attrs = recv_wsc_msg(hapd, WSC_MSG, WPS_M8)
     m8_cred = decrypt_attr_encr_settings(authkey, keywrapkey,
                                          m8_attrs[ATTR_ENCR_SETTINGS])
-    logger.debug("M8 Credential: " + binascii.hexlify(m8_cred))
+    logger.debug("M8 Credential: " + binascii.hexlify(m8_cred).decode())
 
     logger.debug("Prepare WSC_Done")
     attrs = build_wsc_attr(ATTR_VERSION, '\x10')

tests/hwsim/test_cfg80211.py

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ from wpasupplicant import WpaSupplicant
 
 def nl80211_command(dev, cmd, attr):
     res = dev.request("VENDOR ffffffff {} {}".format(nl80211_cmd[cmd],
-                                                     binascii.hexlify(attr)))
+                                                     binascii.hexlify(attr).decode()))
     if "FAIL" in res:
         raise Exception("nl80211 command failed")
     return binascii.unhexlify(res)

tests/hwsim/test_dbus.py

@@ -5747,7 +5747,7 @@ def test_dbus_mesh(dev, apdev):
             logger.debug("MeshPeers: " + str(res))
             if len(res) != 1:
                 raise Exception("Unexpected number of MeshPeer values")
-            if binascii.hexlify(res[0]) != addr1.replace(':', ''):
+            if binascii.hexlify(res[0]).decode() != addr1.replace(':', ''):
                 raise Exception("Unexpected peer address")
 
             res = if_obj.Get(WPAS_DBUS_IFACE_MESH, 'MeshGroup',

tests/hwsim/test_eap_proto.py

@@ -6830,7 +6830,7 @@ def test_eap_proto_fast_errors(dev, apdev):
               "wpa_supplicant EAP-FAST PAC file - version 1\nSTART\nI-ID=1\nEND\n",
               "wpa_supplicant EAP-FAST PAC file - version 1\nSTART\nA-ID-Info=1\nEND\n" ]
     for pac in tests:
-        blob = binascii.hexlify(pac)
+        blob = binascii.hexlify(pac).decode()
         dev[0].request("SET blob fast_pac_errors " + blob)
         dev[0].connect("eap-test", key_mgmt="WPA-EAP", scan_freq="2412",
                        eap="FAST", anonymous_identity="FAST",
@@ -6849,7 +6849,7 @@ def test_eap_proto_fast_errors(dev, apdev):
     tests = [ "wpa_supplicant EAP-FAST PAC file - version 1\nSTART\nEND\n",
               "wpa_supplicant EAP-FAST PAC file - version 1\nSTART\nEND\nSTART\nEND\nSTART\nEND\n" ]
     for pac in tests:
-        blob = binascii.hexlify(pac)
+        blob = binascii.hexlify(pac).decode()
         dev[0].request("SET blob fast_pac_errors " + blob)
         dev[0].connect("eap-test", key_mgmt="WPA-EAP", scan_freq="2412",
                        eap="FAST", anonymous_identity="FAST",

tests/hwsim/test_fils.py

@@ -604,7 +604,7 @@ def test_fils_sk_multiple_realms(dev, apdev, params):
     count = 0
     for realm in fils_realms:
         hash = hashlib.sha256(realm.lower()).digest()
-        expected += binascii.hexlify(hash[0:2])
+        expected += binascii.hexlify(hash[0:2]).decode()
         count += 1
         if count == 7:
             break
@@ -617,7 +617,7 @@ def test_fils_sk_multiple_realms(dev, apdev, params):
     expected = ''
     for realm in fils_realms:
         hash = hashlib.sha256(realm.lower()).digest()
-        expected += binascii.hexlify(hash[0:2])
+        expected += binascii.hexlify(hash[0:2]).decode()
     if info != expected:
         raise Exception("Unexpected FILS Realm Info ANQP-element: " + info)
 
@@ -776,7 +776,7 @@ def run_fils_sk_hlp(dev, apdev, rapid_commit_server, params):
     tests = [ "ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff aabb",
               "ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff " + 255*'cc',
               hapd.own_addr() + " ddee010203040506070809",
-              "ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff " + binascii.hexlify(dhcpdisc) ]
+              "ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff " + binascii.hexlify(dhcpdisc).decode() ]
     for t in tests:
         if "OK" not in dev[0].request("FILS_HLP_REQ_ADD " + t):
             raise Exception("FILS_HLP_REQ_ADD failed: " + t)
@@ -868,7 +868,7 @@ def test_fils_sk_hlp_timeout(dev, apdev, params):
         raise Exception("Failed to flush pending FILS HLP requests")
     dhcpdisc = build_dhcp(req=True, dhcp_msg=DHCPDISCOVER,
                           chaddr=dev[0].own_addr())
-    if "OK" not in dev[0].request("FILS_HLP_REQ_ADD " + "ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff " + binascii.hexlify(dhcpdisc)):
+    if "OK" not in dev[0].request("FILS_HLP_REQ_ADD " + "ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff " + binascii.hexlify(dhcpdisc).decode()):
         raise Exception("FILS_HLP_REQ_ADD failed")
     id = dev[0].connect("fils", key_mgmt="FILS-SHA256",
                         eap="PSK", identity="psk.user@example.com",
@@ -912,7 +912,7 @@ def test_fils_sk_hlp_oom(dev, apdev, params):
         raise Exception("Failed to flush pending FILS HLP requests")
     dhcpdisc = build_dhcp(req=True, dhcp_msg=DHCPDISCOVER,
                           chaddr=dev[0].own_addr())
-    if "OK" not in dev[0].request("FILS_HLP_REQ_ADD " + "ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff " + binascii.hexlify(dhcpdisc)):
+    if "OK" not in dev[0].request("FILS_HLP_REQ_ADD " + "ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff " + binascii.hexlify(dhcpdisc).decode()):
         raise Exception("FILS_HLP_REQ_ADD failed")
     id = dev[0].connect("fils", key_mgmt="FILS-SHA256",
                         eap="PSK", identity="psk.user@example.com",
@@ -1071,16 +1071,16 @@ def test_fils_sk_hlp_req_parsing(dev, apdev, params):
     tests = [ "ff",
               "0800",
               "0800" + 20*"00",
-              "0800" + binascii.hexlify(ipv4_overflow),
+              "0800" + binascii.hexlify(ipv4_overflow).decode(),
-              "0800" + binascii.hexlify(ipv4_unknown_proto),
+              "0800" + binascii.hexlify(ipv4_unknown_proto).decode(),
-              "0800" + binascii.hexlify(ipv4_missing_udp_hdr),
+              "0800" + binascii.hexlify(ipv4_missing_udp_hdr).decode(),
-              "0800" + binascii.hexlify(udp_overflow),
+              "0800" + binascii.hexlify(udp_overflow).decode(),
-              "0800" + binascii.hexlify(udp_underflow),
+              "0800" + binascii.hexlify(udp_underflow).decode(),
-              "0800" + binascii.hexlify(udp_unknown_port),
+              "0800" + binascii.hexlify(udp_unknown_port).decode(),
-              "0800" + binascii.hexlify(dhcp_missing_data),
+              "0800" + binascii.hexlify(dhcp_missing_data).decode(),
-              binascii.hexlify(dhcp_not_req),
+              binascii.hexlify(dhcp_not_req).decode(),
-              binascii.hexlify(dhcp_no_magic),
+              binascii.hexlify(dhcp_no_magic).decode(),
-              binascii.hexlify(dhcp_unknown_magic) ]
+              binascii.hexlify(dhcp_unknown_magic).decode() ]
     for t in tests:
         if "OK" not in dev[0].request("FILS_HLP_REQ_ADD ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff " + t):
             raise Exception("FILS_HLP_REQ_ADD failed: " + t)
@@ -1099,8 +1099,8 @@ def test_fils_sk_hlp_req_parsing(dev, apdev, params):
     dev[0].wait_disconnected()
 
     dev[0].request("FILS_HLP_REQ_FLUSH")
-    tests = [ binascii.hexlify(dhcp_opts),
+    tests = [ binascii.hexlify(dhcp_opts).decode(),
-              binascii.hexlify(dhcp_opts2) ]
+              binascii.hexlify(dhcp_opts2).decode() ]
     for t in tests:
         if "OK" not in dev[0].request("FILS_HLP_REQ_ADD ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff " + t):
             raise Exception("FILS_HLP_REQ_ADD failed: " + t)
@@ -1112,7 +1112,7 @@ def test_fils_sk_hlp_req_parsing(dev, apdev, params):
     dev[0].wait_disconnected()
 
     dev[0].request("FILS_HLP_REQ_FLUSH")
-    if "OK" not in dev[0].request("FILS_HLP_REQ_ADD ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff " + binascii.hexlify(dhcp_valid)):
+    if "OK" not in dev[0].request("FILS_HLP_REQ_ADD ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff " + binascii.hexlify(dhcp_valid).decode()):
         raise Exception("FILS_HLP_REQ_ADD failed")
     hapd.set("own_ip_addr", "0.0.0.0")
     dev[0].select_network(id, freq=2412)
@@ -1173,7 +1173,7 @@ def test_fils_sk_hlp_dhcp_parsing(dev, apdev, params):
         raise Exception("Failed to flush pending FILS HLP requests")
     dhcpdisc = build_dhcp(req=True, dhcp_msg=DHCPDISCOVER,
                           chaddr=dev[0].own_addr())
-    if "OK" not in dev[0].request("FILS_HLP_REQ_ADD " + "ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff " + binascii.hexlify(dhcpdisc)):
+    if "OK" not in dev[0].request("FILS_HLP_REQ_ADD " + "ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff " + binascii.hexlify(dhcpdisc).decode()):
         raise Exception("FILS_HLP_REQ_ADD failed")
     id = dev[0].connect("fils", key_mgmt="FILS-SHA256",
                         eap="PSK", identity="psk.user@example.com",
@@ -1277,7 +1277,7 @@ def test_fils_sk_hlp_dhcp_parsing(dev, apdev, params):
     dhcpdisc = build_dhcp(req=True, dhcp_msg=DHCPDISCOVER,
                           chaddr=dev[0].own_addr(),
                           extra_op="\x00\x11", opt_end=False)
-    if "OK" not in dev[0].request("FILS_HLP_REQ_ADD " + "ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff " + binascii.hexlify(dhcpdisc)):
+    if "OK" not in dev[0].request("FILS_HLP_REQ_ADD " + "ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff " + binascii.hexlify(dhcpdisc).decode()):
         raise Exception("FILS_HLP_REQ_ADD failed")
     dev[0].dump_monitor()
     dev[0].select_network(id, freq=2412)
@@ -1296,7 +1296,7 @@ def test_fils_sk_hlp_dhcp_parsing(dev, apdev, params):
     dhcpdisc = build_dhcp(req=True, dhcp_msg=DHCPDISCOVER,
                           chaddr=dev[0].own_addr(),
                           extra_op="\x11\x01", opt_end=False)
-    if "OK" not in dev[0].request("FILS_HLP_REQ_ADD " + "ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff " + binascii.hexlify(dhcpdisc)):
+    if "OK" not in dev[0].request("FILS_HLP_REQ_ADD " + "ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff " + binascii.hexlify(dhcpdisc).decode()):
         raise Exception("FILS_HLP_REQ_ADD failed")
     dev[0].dump_monitor()
     dev[0].select_network(id, freq=2412)
@@ -1967,7 +1967,7 @@ def test_fils_assoc_replay(dev, apdev, params):
         req = hapd.mgmt_rx()
         count += 1
         hapd.dump_monitor()
-        hapd.request("MGMT_RX_PROCESS freq=2412 datarate=0 ssi_signal=-30 frame=" + binascii.hexlify(req['frame']))
+        hapd.request("MGMT_RX_PROCESS freq=2412 datarate=0 ssi_signal=-30 frame=" + binascii.hexlify(req['frame']).decode())
         if req['subtype'] == 0:
             assocreq = req
             ev = hapd.wait_event(["MGMT-TX-STATUS"], timeout=5)
@@ -1989,7 +1989,7 @@ def test_fils_assoc_replay(dev, apdev, params):
     logger.info("Replay the last Association Request frame")
     hapd.dump_monitor()
     hapd.set("ext_mgmt_frame_handling", "1")
-    hapd.request("MGMT_RX_PROCESS freq=2412 datarate=0 ssi_signal=-30 frame=" + binascii.hexlify(req['frame']))
+    hapd.request("MGMT_RX_PROCESS freq=2412 datarate=0 ssi_signal=-30 frame=" + binascii.hexlify(req['frame']).decode())
     ev = hapd.wait_event(["MGMT-TX-STATUS"], timeout=5)
     if ev is None:
         raise Exception("No TX status seen")

tests/hwsim/test_gas.py

@@ -1004,7 +1004,7 @@ def test_gas_max_pending(dev, apdev):
     for dialog_token in range(1, 10):
         msg = struct.pack('<BBB', ACTION_CATEG_PUBLIC, GAS_INITIAL_REQUEST,
                           dialog_token) + anqp_adv_proto() + gas
-        req = "MGMT_TX {} {} freq=2412 wait_time=10 action={}".format(bssid, bssid, binascii.hexlify(msg))
+        req = "MGMT_TX {} {} freq=2412 wait_time=10 action={}".format(bssid, bssid, binascii.hexlify(msg).decode())
         if "OK" not in wpas.request(req):
             raise Exception("Could not send management frame")
         resp = wpas.mgmt_rx()
@@ -1036,7 +1036,7 @@ def test_gas_no_pending(dev, apdev):
         raise Exception("Failed to enable external management frame handling")
 
     msg = struct.pack('<BBB', ACTION_CATEG_PUBLIC, GAS_COMEBACK_REQUEST, 1)
-    req = "MGMT_TX {} {} freq=2412 wait_time=10 action={}".format(bssid, bssid, binascii.hexlify(msg))
+    req = "MGMT_TX {} {} freq=2412 wait_time=10 action={}".format(bssid, bssid, binascii.hexlify(msg).decode())
     if "OK" not in wpas.request(req):
         raise Exception("Could not send management frame")
     resp = wpas.mgmt_rx()
@@ -1196,7 +1196,7 @@ def test_gas_anqp_extra_elements(dev, apdev):
     held = struct.pack('BBB', 0, 1 + len(held_uri), 1) + held_uri
     supl_fqdn = "supl.example.com"
     supl = struct.pack('BBB', 0, 1 + len(supl_fqdn), 1) + supl_fqdn
-    public_id = binascii.hexlify(held + supl)
+    public_id = binascii.hexlify(held + supl).decode()
     params = { "ssid": "gas/anqp",
                "interworking": "1",
                "anqp_elem": [ "265:" + geo_loc,
@@ -1604,13 +1604,13 @@ def test_gas_anqp_venue_url(dev, apdev):
     name2 = "Esimerkkipaikka"
     venue1 = struct.pack('B', len(lang1 + name1)) + lang1 + name1
     venue2 = struct.pack('B', len(lang2 + name2)) + lang2 + name2
-    venue_name = binascii.hexlify(venue_info + venue1 + venue2)
+    venue_name = binascii.hexlify(venue_info + venue1 + venue2).decode()
 
     url1 = "http://example.com/venue"
     url2 = "https://example.org/venue-info/"
     duple1 = struct.pack('BB', 1 + len(url1), 1) + url1
     duple2 = struct.pack('BB', 1 + len(url2), 2) + url2
-    venue_url = binascii.hexlify(duple1 + duple2)
+    venue_url = binascii.hexlify(duple1 + duple2).decode()
 
     params = { "ssid": "gas/anqp",
                "interworking": "1",
@@ -1647,7 +1647,7 @@ def test_gas_anqp_venue_url(dev, apdev):
     if 'anqp_capability_list' not in bss:
         raise Exception("Capability List ANQP-element not seen")
     ids = struct.pack('<HHH', 257, 258, 277)
-    if not bss['anqp_capability_list'].startswith(binascii.hexlify(ids)):
+    if not bss['anqp_capability_list'].startswith(binascii.hexlify(ids).decode()):
         raise Exception("Unexpected Capability List ANQP-element value: " + bss['anqp_capability_list'])
 
 def test_gas_anqp_venue_url2(dev, apdev):
@@ -1661,13 +1661,13 @@ def test_gas_anqp_venue_url2(dev, apdev):
     name2 = "Esimerkkipaikka"
     venue1 = struct.pack('B', len(lang1 + name1)) + lang1 + name1
     venue2 = struct.pack('B', len(lang2 + name2)) + lang2 + name2
-    venue_name = binascii.hexlify(venue_info + venue1 + venue2)
+    venue_name = binascii.hexlify(venue_info + venue1 + venue2).decode()
 
     url1 = "http://example.com/venue"
     url2 = "https://example.org/venue-info/"
     duple1 = struct.pack('BB', 1 + len(url1), 1) + url1
     duple2 = struct.pack('BB', 1 + len(url2), 2) + url2
-    venue_url = binascii.hexlify(duple1 + duple2)
+    venue_url = binascii.hexlify(duple1 + duple2).decode()
 
     params = { "ssid": "gas/anqp",
                "interworking": "1",
@@ -1701,7 +1701,7 @@ def test_gas_anqp_venue_url2(dev, apdev):
     if 'anqp_capability_list' not in bss:
         raise Exception("Capability List ANQP-element not seen")
     ids = struct.pack('<HHH', 257, 258, 277)
-    if not bss['anqp_capability_list'].startswith(binascii.hexlify(ids)):
+    if not bss['anqp_capability_list'].startswith(binascii.hexlify(ids).decode()):
         raise Exception("Unexpected Capability List ANQP-element value: " + bss['anqp_capability_list'])
 
 def test_gas_anqp_venue_url_pmf(dev, apdev):
@@ -1849,7 +1849,7 @@ def test_gas_server_oom(dev, apdev):
         raise Exception("Failed to enable external management frame handling")
 
     msg = struct.pack('<BBB', ACTION_CATEG_PUBLIC, GAS_COMEBACK_REQUEST, 1)
-    req = "MGMT_TX {} {} freq=2412 wait_time=10 action={}".format(bssid, bssid, binascii.hexlify(msg))
+    req = "MGMT_TX {} {} freq=2412 wait_time=10 action={}".format(bssid, bssid, binascii.hexlify(msg).decode())
     with alloc_fail(hapd, 1,
                     "gas_anqp_build_comeback_resp_buf;gas_serv_rx_gas_comeback_req"):
         if "OK" not in wpas.request(req):
@@ -1910,7 +1910,7 @@ def test_gas_no_dialog_token_match(dev, apdev):
     dialog_token = 100
     msg = struct.pack('<BBB', ACTION_CATEG_PUBLIC, GAS_INITIAL_REQUEST,
                       dialog_token) + anqp_adv_proto() + gas
-    req = "MGMT_TX {} {} freq=2412 wait_time=10 action={}".format(bssid, bssid, binascii.hexlify(msg))
+    req = "MGMT_TX {} {} freq=2412 wait_time=10 action={}".format(bssid, bssid, binascii.hexlify(msg).decode())
     if "OK" not in wpas.request(req):
         raise Exception("Could not send management frame")
     resp = wpas.mgmt_rx()
@@ -1927,7 +1927,7 @@ def test_gas_no_dialog_token_match(dev, apdev):
 
     msg = struct.pack('<BBB', ACTION_CATEG_PUBLIC, GAS_COMEBACK_REQUEST,
                       dialog_token + 1)
-    req = "MGMT_TX {} {} freq=2412 wait_time=10 action={}".format(bssid, bssid, binascii.hexlify(msg))
+    req = "MGMT_TX {} {} freq=2412 wait_time=10 action={}".format(bssid, bssid, binascii.hexlify(msg).decode())
     if "OK" not in wpas.request(req):
         raise Exception("Could not send management frame")
     resp = wpas.mgmt_rx()
@@ -2012,7 +2012,7 @@ def test_gas_vendor_spec_errors(dev, apdev):
     msg6 = struct.pack('<BB', ACTION_CATEG_PUBLIC, GAS_COMEBACK_REQUEST)
     tests = [ msg, msg2, msg3, msg4, msg5, msg6 ]
     for t in tests:
-        req = "MGMT_TX {} {} freq=2412 wait_time=10 action={}".format(bssid, bssid, binascii.hexlify(t))
+        req = "MGMT_TX {} {} freq=2412 wait_time=10 action={}".format(bssid, bssid, binascii.hexlify(t).decode())
         if "OK" not in wpas.request(req):
             raise Exception("Could not send management frame")
         ev = wpas.wait_event(["MGMT-TX-STATUS"], timeout=5)

tests/hwsim/test_hs20_filter.py

@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ def test_ip4_drop_gratuitous_arp(devs, apdevs, params):
             ap_addr = hapd.own_addr()
             cl_addr = dev.own_addr()
             pkt = build_arp(cl_addr, ap_addr, 2, ap_addr, '10.0.0.1', ap_addr, '10.0.0.1')
-            pkt = binascii.hexlify(pkt)
+            pkt = binascii.hexlify(pkt).decode()
 
             if "OK" not in hapd.request('DATA_TEST_FRAME ' + pkt):
                 raise Exception("DATA_TEST_FRAME failed")
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ def test_ip6_drop_unsolicited_na(devs, apdevs, params):
             cl_addr = dev.own_addr()
             pkt = build_na(ap_addr, 'fdaa::2', 'ff02::1', 'fdaa::2', flags=0x20,
                            opt=binascii.unhexlify('0201' + ap_addr.replace(':', '')))
-            pkt = binascii.hexlify(pkt)
+            pkt = binascii.hexlify(pkt).decode()
 
             if "OK" not in hapd.request('DATA_TEST_FRAME ' + pkt):
                 raise Exception("DATA_TEST_FRAME failed")

tests/hwsim/test_ieee8021x.py

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # IEEE 802.1X tests
-# Copyright (c) 2013-2015, Jouni Malinen <j@w1.fi>
+# Copyright (c) 2013-2019, Jouni Malinen <j@w1.fi>
 #
 # This software may be distributed under the terms of the BSD license.
 # See README for more details.
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ def send_eapol_key(dev, bssid, signkey, frame_start, frame_end):
     hmac_obj = hmac.new(binascii.unhexlify(signkey))
     hmac_obj.update(binascii.unhexlify(frame))
     sign = hmac_obj.digest()
-    frame = frame_start + binascii.hexlify(sign) + frame_end
+    frame = frame_start + binascii.hexlify(sign).decode() + frame_end
     dev.request("EAPOL_RX " + bssid + " " + frame)
 
 def test_ieee8021x_eapol_key(dev, apdev):

tests/hwsim/test_kernel.py

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ def _test_kernel_bss_leak(dev, apdev, deauth):
             break
         else:
             hapd.request("MGMT_RX_PROCESS freq=2412 datarate=0 ssi_signal=-30 frame=%s" % (
-                         binascii.hexlify(pkt['frame']), ))
+                         binascii.hexlify(pkt['frame']).decode(), ))
     hapd.set("ext_mgmt_frame_handling", "0")
 
     hapd.request("STOP_AP")

tests/hwsim/test_p2p_grpform.py

@@ -1104,7 +1104,7 @@ def test_grpform_go_neg_dup_on_restart(dev):
     attrs += p2p_attr_operating_channel()
     wsc_attrs = struct.pack(">HHH", 0x1012, 2, 4)
     msg['payload'] += ie_p2p(attrs) + ie_wsc(wsc_attrs)
-    mgmt_tx(lower, "MGMT_TX {} {} freq={} wait_time=200 no_cck=1 action={}".format(addr_high, addr_high, peer['listen_freq'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload'])))
+    mgmt_tx(lower, "MGMT_TX {} {} freq={} wait_time=200 no_cck=1 action={}".format(addr_high, addr_high, peer['listen_freq'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload']).decode()))
 
     # Wait for the GO Negotiation Response frame which would have been sent in
     # this case previously, but not anymore after the check for

tests/hwsim/test_p2p_messages.py

@@ -800,7 +800,7 @@ def test_p2p_msg_invitation_req_to_go(dev, apdev):
     attrs += p2p_attr_device_info(addr1, config_methods=0x0108)
     msg['payload'] += ie_p2p(attrs)
 
-    mgmt_tx(dev[1], "MGMT_TX {} {} freq={} wait_time=200 no_cck=1 action={}".format(addr0, addr0, peer['listen_freq'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload'])))
+    mgmt_tx(dev[1], "MGMT_TX {} {} freq={} wait_time=200 no_cck=1 action={}".format(addr0, addr0, peer['listen_freq'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload']).decode()))
 
     rx_msg = dev[1].mgmt_rx()
     if rx_msg is None:
@@ -826,7 +826,7 @@ def test_p2p_msg_invitation_req_to_go(dev, apdev):
     attrs += p2p_attr_device_info(addr1, config_methods=0x0108)
     msg['payload'] += ie_p2p(attrs)
 
-    mgmt_tx(dev[1], "MGMT_TX {} {} freq={} wait_time=200 no_cck=1 action={}".format(addr0, addr0, peer['listen_freq'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload'])))
+    mgmt_tx(dev[1], "MGMT_TX {} {} freq={} wait_time=200 no_cck=1 action={}".format(addr0, addr0, peer['listen_freq'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload']).decode()))
 
     rx_msg = dev[1].mgmt_rx()
     if rx_msg is None:
@@ -907,7 +907,8 @@ def test_p2p_msg_invitation_resp(dev, apdev):
     msg = p2p_hdr(dst, src, type=P2P_INVITATION_RESP, dialog_token=2)
     attrs = p2p_attr_status()
     msg['payload'] += ie_p2p(attrs)
-    mgmt_tx(dev[1], "MGMT_TX {} {} freq={} wait_time=200 no_cck=1 action={}".format(addr0, addr0, peer['listen_freq'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload'])))
+    mgmt_tx(dev[1], "MGMT_TX {} {} freq={} wait_time=200 no_cck=1 action={}".format(
+        addr0, addr0, peer['listen_freq'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload']).decode()))
     time.sleep(0.25)
 
     if "FAIL" in dev[1].request("SET ext_mgmt_frame_handling 1"):
@@ -927,7 +928,8 @@ def test_p2p_msg_invitation_resp(dev, apdev):
     msg = p2p_hdr(dst, src, type=P2P_INVITATION_RESP, dialog_token=p2p['dialog_token'])
     attrs = struct.pack("<BB", P2P_ATTR_CAPABILITY, 0)
     msg['payload'] += ie_p2p(attrs)
-    mgmt_tx(dev[1], "MGMT_TX {} {} freq={} wait_time=200 no_cck=1 action={}".format(addr0, addr0, rx_msg['freq'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload'])))
+    mgmt_tx(dev[1], "MGMT_TX {} {} freq={} wait_time=200 no_cck=1 action={}".format(
+        addr0, addr0, rx_msg['freq'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload']).decode()))
 
     invite(dev[0], dev[1])
     rx_msg = dev[1].mgmt_rx()
@@ -943,7 +945,8 @@ def test_p2p_msg_invitation_resp(dev, apdev):
     msg = p2p_hdr(dst, src, type=P2P_INVITATION_RESP, dialog_token=p2p['dialog_token'])
     attrs = p2p_attr_channel_list()
     msg['payload'] += ie_p2p(attrs)
-    mgmt_tx(dev[1], "MGMT_TX {} {} freq={} wait_time=200 no_cck=1 action={}".format(addr0, addr0, rx_msg['freq'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload'])))
+    mgmt_tx(dev[1], "MGMT_TX {} {} freq={} wait_time=200 no_cck=1 action={}".format(
+        addr0, addr0, rx_msg['freq'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload']).decode()))
 
     invite(dev[0], dev[1])
     rx_msg = dev[1].mgmt_rx()
@@ -962,7 +965,8 @@ def test_p2p_msg_invitation_resp(dev, apdev):
                          0x58, 0x58, 0x04,
                          81, 1, 15)
     msg['payload'] += ie_p2p(attrs)
-    mgmt_tx(dev[1], "MGMT_TX {} {} freq={} wait_time=200 no_cck=1 action={}".format(addr0, addr0, rx_msg['freq'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload'])))
+    mgmt_tx(dev[1], "MGMT_TX {} {} freq={} wait_time=200 no_cck=1 action={}".format(
+        addr0, addr0, rx_msg['freq'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload']).decode()))
 
     invite(dev[0], dev[1])
     rx_msg = dev[1].mgmt_rx()
@@ -981,7 +985,8 @@ def test_p2p_msg_invitation_resp(dev, apdev):
                          0x58, 0x58, 0x04,
                          81, 1, 12)
     msg['payload'] += ie_p2p(attrs)
-    mgmt_tx(dev[1], "MGMT_TX {} {} freq={} wait_time=200 no_cck=1 action={}".format(addr0, addr0, rx_msg['freq'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload'])))
+    mgmt_tx(dev[1], "MGMT_TX {} {} freq={} wait_time=200 no_cck=1 action={}".format(
+        addr0, addr0, rx_msg['freq'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload']).decode()))
 
     invite(dev[0], dev[1])
     rx_msg = dev[1].mgmt_rx()
@@ -997,7 +1002,8 @@ def test_p2p_msg_invitation_resp(dev, apdev):
     msg = p2p_hdr(dst, src, type=P2P_INVITATION_RESP, dialog_token=p2p['dialog_token'])
     attrs = p2p_attr_status()
     msg['payload'] += ie_p2p(attrs)
-    mgmt_tx(dev[1], "MGMT_TX {} {} freq={} wait_time=200 no_cck=1 action={}".format(addr0, addr0, rx_msg['freq'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload'])))
+    mgmt_tx(dev[1], "MGMT_TX {} {} freq={} wait_time=200 no_cck=1 action={}".format(
+        addr0, addr0, rx_msg['freq'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload']).decode()))
 
     ev = dev[0].wait_global_event(["P2P-GROUP-STARTED"], timeout=15)
     if ev is None:
@@ -1028,7 +1034,8 @@ def test_p2p_msg_invitation_resend(dev, apdev):
                   dialog_token=p2p['dialog_token'])
     attrs = p2p_attr_status(status=P2P_SC_FAIL_NO_COMMON_CHANNELS)
     msg['payload'] += ie_p2p(attrs)
-    mgmt_tx(dev[1], "MGMT_TX {} {} freq={} wait_time=200 no_cck=1 action={}".format(addr0, addr0, rx_msg['freq'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload'])))
+    mgmt_tx(dev[1], "MGMT_TX {} {} freq={} wait_time=200 no_cck=1 action={}".format(
+        addr0, addr0, rx_msg['freq'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload']).decode()))
     ev = dev[0].wait_global_event(["P2P-INVITATION-RESULT"], timeout=15)
     if ev is None:
         raise Exception("Timeout on invitation result")
@@ -1051,7 +1058,8 @@ def test_p2p_msg_invitation_resend(dev, apdev):
     msg['payload'] += ie_p2p(attrs)
     if "FAIL" in dev[1].request("SET ext_mgmt_frame_handling 0"):
         raise Exception("Failed to disable external management frame handling")
-    mgmt_tx(dev[1], "MGMT_TX {} {} freq={} wait_time=200 no_cck=1 action={}".format(addr0, addr0, rx_msg['freq'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload'])))
+    mgmt_tx(dev[1], "MGMT_TX {} {} freq={} wait_time=200 no_cck=1 action={}".format(
+        addr0, addr0, rx_msg['freq'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload']).decode()))
     ev = dev[0].wait_global_event(["P2P-INVITATION-RESULT"], timeout=15)
     if ev is None:
         raise Exception("Timeout on invitation result")
@@ -1090,7 +1098,8 @@ def test_p2p_msg_invitation_resend_duplicate(dev, apdev):
                   dialog_token=p2p['dialog_token'])
     attrs = p2p_attr_status(status=P2P_SC_FAIL_NO_COMMON_CHANNELS)
     msg['payload'] += ie_p2p(attrs)
-    mgmt_tx(dev[1], "MGMT_TX {} {} freq={} wait_time=200 no_cck=1 action={}".format(addr0, addr0, rx_msg['freq'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload'])))
+    mgmt_tx(dev[1], "MGMT_TX {} {} freq={} wait_time=200 no_cck=1 action={}".format(
+        addr0, addr0, rx_msg['freq'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload']).decode()))
 
     rx_msg = dev[1].mgmt_rx()
     if rx_msg is None:
@@ -1102,7 +1111,8 @@ def test_p2p_msg_invitation_resend_duplicate(dev, apdev):
         raise Exception("Unexpected subtype %d" % p2p['subtype'])
 
     logger.info("Retransmit duplicate of previous response")
-    mgmt_tx(dev[1], "MGMT_TX {} {} freq={} wait_time=200 no_cck=1 action={}".format(addr0, addr0, rx_msg['freq'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload'])))
+    mgmt_tx(dev[1], "MGMT_TX {} {} freq={} wait_time=200 no_cck=1 action={}".format(
+        addr0, addr0, rx_msg['freq'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload']).decode()))
 
     logger.info("Transmit real response")
     msg = p2p_hdr(addr0, addr1, type=P2P_INVITATION_RESP,
@@ -1110,7 +1120,8 @@ def test_p2p_msg_invitation_resend_duplicate(dev, apdev):
     attrs = p2p_attr_status(status=P2P_SC_SUCCESS)
     attrs += p2p_attr_channel_list()
     msg['payload'] += ie_p2p(attrs)
-    if "FAIL" in dev[1].request("MGMT_TX {} {} freq={} wait_time=200 no_cck=1 action={}".format(addr0, addr0, rx_msg['freq'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload']))):
+    if "FAIL" in dev[1].request("MGMT_TX {} {} freq={} wait_time=200 no_cck=1 action={}".format(
+        addr0, addr0, rx_msg['freq'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload']).decode())):
         raise Exception("Failed to transmit real response")
     dev[1].request("SET ext_mgmt_frame_handling 0")
 
@@ -1613,7 +1624,8 @@ def test_p2p_msg_go_neg_req_reject(dev, apdev):
     attrs += p2p_attr_operating_channel()
     msg['payload'] += ie_p2p(attrs)
 
-    mgmt_tx(dev[0], "MGMT_TX {} {} freq={} wait_time=10 no_cck=1 action={}".format(addr1, addr1, peer['listen_freq'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload'])))
+    mgmt_tx(dev[0], "MGMT_TX {} {} freq={} wait_time=10 no_cck=1 action={}".format(
+        addr1, addr1, peer['listen_freq'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload']).decode()))
 
     ev = dev[1].wait_global_event(["P2P-GO-NEG-FAILURE"], timeout=5)
     if ev is None:
@@ -1643,7 +1655,8 @@ def test_p2p_msg_unexpected_go_neg_resp(dev, apdev):
     attrs += p2p_attr_device_info(addr0, config_methods=0x0108)
     attrs += p2p_attr_operating_channel()
     msg['payload'] += ie_p2p(attrs)
-    mgmt_tx(dev[0], "MGMT_TX {} {} freq={} wait_time=10 no_cck=1 action={}".format(addr1, addr1, peer['listen_freq'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload'])))
+    mgmt_tx(dev[0], "MGMT_TX {} {} freq={} wait_time=10 no_cck=1 action={}".format(
+        addr1, addr1, peer['listen_freq'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload']).decode()))
 
     dev[0].p2p_listen()
     dev[1].discover_peer(addr0)
@@ -1657,7 +1670,8 @@ def test_p2p_msg_unexpected_go_neg_resp(dev, apdev):
     if ev is None:
         raise Exception("Timeout on GO Neg Req")
     dev[0].p2p_stop_find()
-    mgmt_tx(dev[0], "MGMT_TX {} {} freq={} wait_time=10 no_cck=1 action={}".format(addr1, addr1, peer['listen_freq'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload'])))
+    mgmt_tx(dev[0], "MGMT_TX {} {} freq={} wait_time=10 no_cck=1 action={}".format(
+        addr1, addr1, peer['listen_freq'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload']).decode()))
     dev[0].dump_monitor()
     dev[1].dump_monitor()
 
@@ -1665,7 +1679,8 @@ def test_p2p_msg_unexpected_go_neg_resp(dev, apdev):
     msg = p2p_hdr(addr1, addr0, type=P2P_GO_NEG_RESP, dialog_token=197)
     attrs = struct.pack("<BB", P2P_ATTR_CAPABILITY, 0)
     msg['payload'] += ie_p2p(attrs)
-    mgmt_tx(dev[0], "MGMT_TX {} {} freq={} wait_time=10 no_cck=1 action={}".format(addr1, addr1, peer['listen_freq'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload'])))
+    mgmt_tx(dev[0], "MGMT_TX {} {} freq={} wait_time=10 no_cck=1 action={}".format(
+        addr1, addr1, peer['listen_freq'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload']).decode()))
     frame = dev[0].mgmt_rx(timeout=0.1)
     if frame is not None:
         raise Exception("Unexpected GO Neg Confirm")
@@ -1696,7 +1711,8 @@ def test_p2p_msg_unexpected_go_neg_resp(dev, apdev):
     attrs += p2p_attr_device_info(addr0, config_methods=0x0108)
     attrs += p2p_attr_operating_channel()
     msg['payload'] += ie_p2p(attrs)
-    mgmt_tx(dev[0], "MGMT_TX {} {} freq={} wait_time=200 no_cck=1 action={}".format(addr1, addr1, p2p['freq'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload'])))
+    mgmt_tx(dev[0], "MGMT_TX {} {} freq={} wait_time=200 no_cck=1 action={}".format(
+        addr1, addr1, p2p['freq'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload']).decode()))
     dev[0].dump_monitor()
     dev[1].dump_monitor()
 
@@ -1718,7 +1734,8 @@ def test_p2p_msg_unexpected_go_neg_resp(dev, apdev):
     attrs += p2p_attr_device_info(addr0, config_methods=0x0108)
     attrs += p2p_attr_operating_channel()
     msg['payload'] += ie_p2p(attrs)
-    mgmt_tx(dev[0], "MGMT_TX {} {} freq={} wait_time=200 no_cck=1 action={}".format(addr1, addr1, p2p['freq'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload'])))
+    mgmt_tx(dev[0], "MGMT_TX {} {} freq={} wait_time=200 no_cck=1 action={}".format(
+        addr1, addr1, p2p['freq'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload']).decode()))
     check_p2p_go_neg_fail_event(dev[1], P2P_SC_FAIL_INVALID_PARAMS)
     rx_go_neg_conf(dev[0], P2P_SC_FAIL_INVALID_PARAMS, dialog_token)
     dev[0].dump_monitor()
@@ -1742,7 +1759,8 @@ def test_p2p_msg_unexpected_go_neg_resp(dev, apdev):
     #attrs += p2p_attr_device_info(addr0, config_methods=0x0108)
     attrs += p2p_attr_operating_channel()
     msg['payload'] += ie_p2p(attrs)
-    mgmt_tx(dev[0], "MGMT_TX {} {} freq={} wait_time=200 no_cck=1 action={}".format(addr1, addr1, p2p['freq'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload'])))
+    mgmt_tx(dev[0], "MGMT_TX {} {} freq={} wait_time=200 no_cck=1 action={}".format(
+        addr1, addr1, p2p['freq'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload']).decode()))
     check_p2p_go_neg_fail_event(dev[1], P2P_SC_FAIL_INVALID_PARAMS)
     rx_go_neg_conf(dev[0], P2P_SC_FAIL_INVALID_PARAMS, dialog_token)
     dev[0].dump_monitor()
@@ -1766,7 +1784,8 @@ def test_p2p_msg_unexpected_go_neg_resp(dev, apdev):
     attrs += p2p_attr_device_info(addr0, config_methods=0x0108)
     attrs += p2p_attr_operating_channel()
     msg['payload'] += ie_p2p(attrs)
-    mgmt_tx(dev[0], "MGMT_TX {} {} freq={} wait_time=200 no_cck=1 action={}".format(addr1, addr1, p2p['freq'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload'])))
+    mgmt_tx(dev[0], "MGMT_TX {} {} freq={} wait_time=200 no_cck=1 action={}".format(
+        addr1, addr1, p2p['freq'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload']).decode()))
     check_p2p_go_neg_fail_event(dev[1], P2P_SC_FAIL_INVALID_PARAMS)
     rx_go_neg_conf(dev[0], P2P_SC_FAIL_INVALID_PARAMS, dialog_token)
     dev[0].dump_monitor()
@@ -1790,7 +1809,8 @@ def test_p2p_msg_unexpected_go_neg_resp(dev, apdev):
     attrs += p2p_attr_device_info(addr0, config_methods=0x0108)
     attrs += p2p_attr_operating_channel()
     msg['payload'] += ie_p2p(attrs)
-    mgmt_tx(dev[0], "MGMT_TX {} {} freq={} wait_time=200 no_cck=1 action={}".format(addr1, addr1, p2p['freq'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload'])))
+    mgmt_tx(dev[0], "MGMT_TX {} {} freq={} wait_time=200 no_cck=1 action={}".format(
+        addr1, addr1, p2p['freq'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload']).decode()))
     check_p2p_go_neg_fail_event(dev[1], P2P_SC_FAIL_INVALID_PARAMS)
     rx_go_neg_conf(dev[0], P2P_SC_FAIL_INVALID_PARAMS, dialog_token)
     dev[0].dump_monitor()
@@ -1814,7 +1834,8 @@ def test_p2p_msg_unexpected_go_neg_resp(dev, apdev):
     attrs += p2p_attr_device_info(addr0, config_methods=0x0108)
     attrs += p2p_attr_operating_channel()
     msg['payload'] += ie_p2p(attrs)
-    mgmt_tx(dev[0], "MGMT_TX {} {} freq={} wait_time=200 no_cck=1 action={}".format(addr1, addr1, p2p['freq'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload'])))
+    mgmt_tx(dev[0], "MGMT_TX {} {} freq={} wait_time=200 no_cck=1 action={}".format(
+        addr1, addr1, p2p['freq'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload']).decode()))
     check_p2p_go_neg_fail_event(dev[1], P2P_SC_FAIL_INCOMPATIBLE_PARAMS)
     rx_go_neg_conf(dev[0], P2P_SC_FAIL_INCOMPATIBLE_PARAMS, dialog_token)
     dev[0].dump_monitor()
@@ -1839,7 +1860,8 @@ def test_p2p_msg_unexpected_go_neg_resp(dev, apdev):
     attrs += p2p_attr_operating_channel()
     #attrs += p2p_attr_group_id(src, "DIRECT-foo")
     msg['payload'] += ie_p2p(attrs)
-    mgmt_tx(dev[0], "MGMT_TX {} {} freq={} wait_time=200 no_cck=1 action={}".format(addr1, addr1, p2p['freq'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload'])))
+    mgmt_tx(dev[0], "MGMT_TX {} {} freq={} wait_time=200 no_cck=1 action={}".format(
+        addr1, addr1, p2p['freq'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload']).decode()))
     check_p2p_go_neg_fail_event(dev[1], P2P_SC_FAIL_INVALID_PARAMS)
     rx_go_neg_conf(dev[0], P2P_SC_FAIL_INVALID_PARAMS, dialog_token)
     dev[0].dump_monitor()
@@ -1864,7 +1886,8 @@ def test_p2p_msg_unexpected_go_neg_resp(dev, apdev):
     #attrs += p2p_attr_operating_channel()
     attrs += p2p_attr_group_id(addr0, "DIRECT-foo")
     msg['payload'] += ie_p2p(attrs)
-    mgmt_tx(dev[0], "MGMT_TX {} {} freq={} wait_time=200 no_cck=1 action={}".format(addr1, addr1, p2p['freq'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload'])))
+    mgmt_tx(dev[0], "MGMT_TX {} {} freq={} wait_time=200 no_cck=1 action={}".format(
+        addr1, addr1, p2p['freq'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload']).decode()))
     check_p2p_go_neg_fail_event(dev[1], P2P_SC_FAIL_INVALID_PARAMS)
     rx_go_neg_conf(dev[0], P2P_SC_FAIL_INVALID_PARAMS, dialog_token)
     dev[0].dump_monitor()
@@ -1889,7 +1912,8 @@ def test_p2p_msg_unexpected_go_neg_resp(dev, apdev):
     attrs += p2p_attr_operating_channel()
     attrs += p2p_attr_group_id(addr0, "DIRECT-foo")
     msg['payload'] += ie_p2p(attrs)
-    mgmt_tx(dev[0], "MGMT_TX {} {} freq={} wait_time=200 no_cck=1 action={}".format(addr1, addr1, p2p['freq'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload'])))
+    mgmt_tx(dev[0], "MGMT_TX {} {} freq={} wait_time=200 no_cck=1 action={}".format(
+        addr1, addr1, p2p['freq'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload']).decode()))
     check_p2p_go_neg_fail_event(dev[1], P2P_SC_FAIL_INVALID_PARAMS)
     rx_go_neg_conf(dev[0], P2P_SC_FAIL_INVALID_PARAMS, dialog_token)
     dev[0].dump_monitor()
@@ -1916,7 +1940,8 @@ def test_p2p_msg_unexpected_go_neg_resp(dev, apdev):
     attrs += p2p_attr_operating_channel()
     attrs += p2p_attr_group_id(addr0, "DIRECT-foo")
     msg['payload'] += ie_p2p(attrs)
-    mgmt_tx(dev[0], "MGMT_TX {} {} freq={} wait_time=200 no_cck=1 action={}".format(addr1, addr1, p2p['freq'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload'])))
+    mgmt_tx(dev[0], "MGMT_TX {} {} freq={} wait_time=200 no_cck=1 action={}".format(
+        addr1, addr1, p2p['freq'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload']).decode()))
     check_p2p_go_neg_fail_event(dev[1], P2P_SC_FAIL_NO_COMMON_CHANNELS)
     rx_go_neg_conf(dev[0], P2P_SC_FAIL_NO_COMMON_CHANNELS, dialog_token)
     dev[0].dump_monitor()

tests/hwsim/test_radius.py

@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ def _test_radius_acct_ipaddr(dev, apdev):
     pkt = build_dhcp_ack(dst_ll="ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff", src_ll=bssid,
                          ip_src="192.168.1.1", ip_dst="255.255.255.255",
                          yiaddr="192.168.1.123", chaddr=addr0)
-    if "OK" not in hapd.request("DATA_TEST_FRAME ifname=ap-br0 " + binascii.hexlify(pkt)):
+    if "OK" not in hapd.request("DATA_TEST_FRAME ifname=ap-br0 " + binascii.hexlify(pkt).decode()):
         raise Exception("DATA_TEST_FRAME failed")
 
     dev[0].request("DISCONNECT")

tests/hwsim/test_rrm.py

@@ -729,11 +729,11 @@ class BeaconReport:
     def __str__(self):
         txt = "opclass={} channel={} start={} duration={} frame_info={} rcpi={} rsni={} bssid={} antenna_id={} parent_tsf={}".format(self.opclass, self.channel, self.start, self.duration, self.frame_info, self.rcpi, self.rsni, self.bssid_str, self.antenna_id, self.parent_tsf)
         if self.frame_body:
-            txt += " frame_body=" + binascii.hexlify(self.frame_body)
+            txt += " frame_body=" + binascii.hexlify(self.frame_body).decode()
         if self.frame_body_fragment_id:
-            txt += " fragment_id=" + binascii.hexlify(self.frame_body_fragment_id)
+            txt += " fragment_id=" + binascii.hexlify(self.frame_body_fragment_id).decode()
         if self.last_indication:
-            txt += " last_indication=" + binascii.hexlify(self.last_indication)
+            txt += " last_indication=" + binascii.hexlify(self.last_indication).decode()
 
         return txt
 
@@ -874,7 +874,7 @@ def test_rrm_beacon_req_last_frame_indication(dev, apdev):
         if not report.last_indication:
             raise Exception("Last Beacon Report Indication subelement missing")
 
-        last = binascii.hexlify(report.last_indication)
+        last = binascii.hexlify(report.last_indication).decode()
         if last != '01':
             raise Exception("last beacon report indication is not set on last frame")
 

tests/hwsim/test_wnm.py

@@ -363,7 +363,8 @@ def test_wnm_sleep_mode_rsn_badocv(dev, apdev):
                                  ACTION_CATEG_WNM, WNM_ACT_SLEEP_MODE_REQ, 0,
                                  WLAN_EID_WNMSLEEP, 4, WNM_SLEEP_MODE_EXIT, 0, 0,
                                  WLAN_EID_TFS_REQ, 0)
-    mgmt_tx(dev[0], "MGMT_TX {} {} freq=2412 wait_time=200 no_cck=1 action={}".format(msg['da'], msg['bssid'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload'])))
+    mgmt_tx(dev[0], "MGMT_TX {} {} freq=2412 wait_time=200 no_cck=1 action={}".format(
+        msg['da'], msg['bssid'], binascii.hexlify(msg['payload']).decode()))
     ev = hapd.wait_event([ "OCV failed" ], timeout=5)
     if ev is None:
         raise Exception("AP did not report missing OCI element")
@@ -377,7 +378,8 @@ def test_wnm_sleep_mode_rsn_badocv(dev, apdev):
     oci_ie = struct.pack("<BBB", 81, 2, 0)
     msg['payload'] += struct.pack("<BBB", WLAN_EID_EXTENSION, 1 + len(oci_ie),
                                   WLAN_EID_EXT_OCV_OCI) + oci_ie
-    mgmt_tx(dev[0], "MGMT_TX {} {} freq=2412 wait_time=200 no_cck=1 action={}".format(msg['da'], msg['bssid'] , binascii.hexlify(msg['payload'])))
+    mgmt_tx(dev[0], "MGMT_TX {} {} freq=2412 wait_time=200 no_cck=1 action={}".format(
+        msg['da'], msg['bssid'] , binascii.hexlify(msg['payload']).decode()))
     ev = hapd.wait_event([ "OCV failed" ], timeout=5)
     if ev is None:
         raise Exception("AP did not report bad OCI element")
@@ -1964,11 +1966,11 @@ def test_wnm_coloc_intf_reporting(dev, apdev):
         vals = ev.split(' ')
         if vals[2] != '1' or vals[3] != '5':
             raise Exception("Unexpected request values: " + ev)
-        dev[0].set("coloc_intf_elems", binascii.hexlify(no_intf))
+        dev[0].set("coloc_intf_elems", binascii.hexlify(no_intf).decode())
         ev = hapd.wait_event(["COLOC-INTF-REPORT"], timeout=1)
         if ev is None:
             raise Exception("No Collocated Interference Report frame seen")
-        if addr + " 1 " + binascii.hexlify(no_intf) not in ev:
+        if addr + " 1 " + binascii.hexlify(no_intf).decode() not in ev:
             raise Exception("Unexpected report values: " + ev)
 
         if "OK" not in hapd.request("COLOC_INTF_REQ %s 0 0" % addr):
@@ -1980,13 +1982,13 @@ def test_wnm_coloc_intf_reporting(dev, apdev):
         if vals[2] != '0' or vals[3] != '0':
             raise Exception("Unexpected request values: " + ev)
 
-        res = dev[0].request("COLOC_INTF_REPORT " + binascii.hexlify(no_intf))
+        res = dev[0].request("COLOC_INTF_REPORT " + binascii.hexlify(no_intf).decode())
         if "OK" not in res:
             raise Exception("Could not send unsolicited report")
         ev = hapd.wait_event(["COLOC-INTF-REPORT"], timeout=1)
         if ev is None:
             raise Exception("No Collocated Interference Report frame seen")
-        if addr + " 0 " + binascii.hexlify(no_intf) not in ev:
+        if addr + " 0 " + binascii.hexlify(no_intf).decode() not in ev:
             raise Exception("Unexpected report values: " + ev)
     finally:
         dev[0].set("coloc_intf_reporting", "0")