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    <h2>hostapd: IEEE 802.11 AP, IEEE 802.1X/WPA/WPA2/EAP/RADIUS Authenticator</h2>

<p>hostapd is a user space daemon for access point and authentication
servers. It implements IEEE 802.11 access point management, IEEE
802.1X/WPA/WPA2/EAP Authenticators, RADIUS client, EAP server, and
RADIUS authentication server. The current version supports Linux (Host
AP, madwifi, mac80211-based drivers) and FreeBSD (net80211).</p>

<p>hostapd is designed to be a "daemon" program that runs in the
background and acts as the backend component controlling
authentication.  hostapd supports separate frontend programs and an
example text-based frontend, hostapd_cli, is included with
hostapd.</p>

<h4>Supported WPA/IEEE 802.11i/EAP/IEEE 802.1X features</h4>

<ul>
<li>WPA-PSK ("WPA-Personal")</li>
<li>WPA with EAP (with integrated EAP server or an external
RADIUS backend authentication server) ("WPA-Enterprise")</li>
<li>key management for CCMP, TKIP, WEP104, WEP40</li>
<li>WPA and full IEEE 802.11i/RSN/WPA2</li>
<li>RSN: PMKSA caching, pre-authentication</li>
<li>IEEE 802.11r</li>
<li>IEEE 802.11w</li>
<li>RADIUS accounting</li>
<li>RADIUS authentication server with EAP</li>
<li>Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS)</li>
</ul>

<h4>Supported EAP methods (integrated EAP server and RADIUS authentication server)</h4>

<ul>
<li>EAP-TLS</li>
<li>EAP-PEAP/MSCHAPv2 (both PEAPv0 and PEAPv1)</li>
<li>EAP-PEAP/TLS (both PEAPv0 and PEAPv1)</li>
<li>EAP-PEAP/GTC (both PEAPv0 and PEAPv1)</li>
<li>EAP-PEAP/MD5-Challenge (both PEAPv0 and PEAPv1)</li>
<li>EAP-TTLS/EAP-MD5-Challenge</li>
<li>EAP-TTLS/EAP-GTC</li>
<li>EAP-TTLS/EAP-MSCHAPv2</li>
<li>EAP-TTLS/MSCHAPv2</li>
<li>EAP-TTLS/EAP-TLS</li>
<li>EAP-TTLS/MSCHAP</li>
<li>EAP-TTLS/PAP</li>
<li>EAP-TTLS/CHAP</li>
<li>EAP-SIM</li>
<li>EAP-AKA</li>
<li>EAP-AKA'</li>
<li>EAP-PAX</li>
<li>EAP-PSK</li>
<li>EAP-SAKE</li>
<li>EAP-FAST</li>
<li>EAP-IKEv2</li>
<li>EAP-GPSK</li>
</ul>

<p>Following methods are also supported, but since they do not generate keying
material, they cannot be used with WPA or IEEE 802.1X WEP keying.</p>

<ul>
<li>EAP-MD5-Challenge</li>
<li>EAP-MSCHAPv2</li>
<li>EAP-GTC</li>
<li>EAP-TNC (Trusted Network Connect; TNCS, IF-IMV, IF-T, IF-TNCCS)</li>
</ul>

<p>More information about EAP methods and interoperability testing is
available in <a href="/gitweb/gitweb.cgi?p=hostap.git;a=blob_plain;f=hostapd/eap_testing.txt">eap_testing.txt</a>.</p>


<h4>Supported wireless cards/drivers</h4>

<ul>
<li><a href="http://wireless.kernel.org/en/developers/Documentation/mac80211">Linux mac80211 drivers</a></li>
<li><a href="http://w1.fi/">Host AP driver for Prism2/2.5/3</a></li>
<li><a href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/madwifi/">madwifi (Atheros ar521x)</a></li>
<li>BSD net80211 layer (e.g., Atheros driver) (FreeBSD 6-CURRENT)</li>
</ul>

<h3><a name="download">Download</a></h3>

<p>
<b>hostapd</b><br>
Copyright (c) 2002-2011, Jouni Malinen &lt;j@w1.fi&gt;
and contributors.
</p>

<p>
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as
published by the Free Software Foundation. See
<a href="/gitweb/gitweb.cgi?p=hostap.git;a=blob_plain;f=COPYING">COPYING</a>
for more details.
</p>

<p>Alternatively, this software may be distributed, used, and modified
under the terms of BSD license. See <a href="/gitweb/gitweb.cgi?p=hostap.git;a=blob_plain;f=hostapd/README">README</a>
for more details.</p>

<p>
<b>Please see
<a href="/gitweb/gitweb.cgi?p=hostap.git;a=blob_plain;f=hostapd/README">README</a>
for the current documentation.</b></p>


<ul>
<li><a href="../releases.html">Release graph</a></li>
<li>Latest stable release:
<ul>
<li><a href="../releases/hostapd-0.7.3.tar.gz">hostapd-0.7.3.tar.gz</a></li>
</ul>
<li>Previous stable release:
<ul>
<li><a href="../releases/hostapd-0.6.10.tar.gz">hostapd-0.6.10.tar.gz</a></li>
</ul>
<!--
<li>Latest development release:
<ul>
<li><a href="../releases/hostapd-0.8.0.tar.gz">hostapd-0.8.0.tar.gz</a></li>
</ul>
-->
<li>ChangeLog:
<ul>
<li><a href="/gitweb/gitweb.cgi?p=hostap.git;a=blob_plain;f=hostapd/ChangeLog">development branch</a></li>
<li><a href="/gitweb/gitweb.cgi?p=hostap-07.git;a=blob_plain;f=hostapd/ChangeLog">stable branch</li>
<li><a href="/gitweb/gitweb.cgi?p=hostap-06.git;a=blob_plain;f=hostapd/ChangeLog">previous stable branch</li>
</ul>
<li><a href="../releases/">Old releases</a></li>
<li><a href="http://lists.shmoo.com/mailman/listinfo/hostap">Mailing list</a></li>
<li><a href="http://lists.shmoo.com/pipermail/hostap/">New mailing list archives</a></li>
<li><a href="/gitweb/gitweb.cgi">Web interface to GIT repository (0.6.x and newer)</a></li>
<li><a href="/cgi-bin/viewcvs.cgi/hostap/">Web interface to CVS repository (0.5.x and older)</a></li>
<li><a href="../releases/snapshots/">Snapshot releases from all active branches</a>
<li><a href="../cvs.html">GIT and read-only anonymous CVS access (pserver)</a></li>
<li><a href="../bugz/">Bug and feature request tracking</a></li>
<li><a href="../wpa_supplicant/devel/">Developers' documentation for wpa_supplicant/hostapd</a></li>
</ul>

<h3>WPA</h3>

<p>The original security mechanism of IEEE 802.11 standard was not
designed to be strong and has proven to be insufficient for most
networks that require some kind of security. Task group I (Security)
of <a href="http://www.ieee802.org/11/">IEEE 802.11 working group</a>
has worked to address the flaws of the base standard and in
practice completed its work in May 2004. The IEEE 802.11i amendment to
the IEEE 802.11 standard was approved in June 2004 and published in
July 2004.</p>

<p><a href="http://www.wi-fi.org/">Wi-Fi Alliance</a> used a draft
version of the IEEE 802.11i work (draft 3.0) to define a subset of the
security enhancements that can be implemented with existing wlan
hardware. This is called Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA). This has
now become a mandatory component of interoperability testing and
certification done by Wi-Fi Alliance. Wi-Fi has
<a href="http://www.wi-fi.org/OpenSection/protected_access.asp">information
about WPA</a> at its web site.</p>

<p>IEEE 802.11 standard defined wired equivalent privacy (WEP) algorithm
for protecting wireless networks. WEP uses RC4 with 40-bit keys,
24-bit initialization vector (IV), and CRC32 to protect against packet
forgery. All these choices have proven to be insufficient: key space is
too small against current attacks, RC4 key scheduling is insufficient
(beginning of the pseudorandom stream should be skipped), IV space is
too small and IV reuse makes attacks easier, there is no replay
protection, and non-keyed authentication does not protect against bit
flipping packet data.</p>

<p>WPA is an intermediate solution for the security issues. It uses
Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) to replace WEP. TKIP is a
compromise on strong security and possibility to use existing
hardware. It still uses RC4 for the encryption like WEP, but with
per-packet RC4 keys. In addition, it implements replay protection,
keyed packet authentication mechanism (Michael MIC).</p>

<p>Keys can be managed using two different mechanisms. WPA can either use
an external authentication server (e.g., RADIUS) and EAP just like
IEEE 802.1X is using or pre-shared keys without need for additional
servers. Wi-Fi calls these "WPA-Enterprise" and "WPA-Personal",
respectively. Both mechanisms will generate a master session key for
the Authenticator (AP) and Supplicant (client station).</p>

<p>WPA implements a new key handshake (4-Way Handshake and Group Key
Handshake) for generating and exchanging data encryption keys between
the Authenticator and Supplicant. This handshake is also used to
verify that both Authenticator and Supplicant know the master session
key. These handshakes are identical regardless of the selected key
management mechanism (only the method for generating master session
key changes).</p>


<h3>IEEE 802.11i / RSN / WPA2</h3>

<p>The design for parts of IEEE 802.11i that were not included in WPA
has finished (May 2004) and this amendment to IEEE 802.11 was approved
in June 2004. Wi-Fi Alliance is using the final IEEE 802.11i as a new
version of WPA called WPA2. This included, e.g., support for more
robust encryption algorithm (CCMP: AES in Counter mode with CBC-MAC)
to replace TKIP, optimizations for handoff (reduced number of messages
in initial key handshake, pre-authentication, and PMKSA caching).</p>

<h4>Configuration file</h4>

<p>hostapd is configured using a text file that lists all the configuration
parameters. See an example configuration file,
<a href="/gitweb/gitweb.cgi?p=hostap.git;a=blob_plain;f=hostapd/hostapd.conf">hostapd.conf</a>,
for detailed information about the configuration format and supported
fields.</p>

<h3>Feedback, comments, mailing list</h3>

<p>
Any comments, reports on success/failure, ideas for further
improvement, feature requests, etc. are welcome at j@w1.fi.
Please note, that I often receive more email than I have time to answer.
Unfortunately, some messages may not get a reply, but I'll try to go
through my mail whenever time permits.
</p>

<p>
Host AP mailing list can also be used for topics related to
hostapd. Since this list has a broader audience, your likelihood of
getting responses is higher. This list is recommended for general
questions about hostapd and its development. In addition, I
will send release notes to it whenever a new version is available.
</p>

<p>
The mailing list information and web archive is at <a
href="http://lists.shmoo.com/mailman/listinfo/hostap">http://lists.shmoo.com/mailman/listinfo/hostap</a>.
Messages to hostap@shmoo.com will be delivered to the
subscribers. Please note, that due to large number of spam and virus
messages sent to the list address, the list is configured to accept
messages only from subscribed addresses. Messages from unsubscribed addresses
may be accepted manually, but their delivery will be delayed.
</p>

<p>
If you want to make sure your bug report of feature request does not
get lost, please report it through the bug tracking system as
<a href="../bugz/enter_bug.cgi">a new
bug/feature request</a>.
</p>

    <hr>
    <div>
    <address><a href="mailto:j@w1.fi">Jouni Malinen</a></address>
<!-- Created: Sun Jan  2 17:20:17 PST 2005 -->
<!-- hhmts start -->
Last modified: Sun Feb 27 12:48:54 EET 2011
<!-- hhmts end -->
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Re-initialize hostapd/wpa_supplicant git repository based on 0.6.3 release 2008-02-28 02:34:43 +01:00			`<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">`
			`<html>`
			`<head>`
			`<title>hostapd: IEEE 802.11 AP, IEEE 802.1X/WPA/WPA2/EAP/RADIUS Authenticator</title>`
			`<meta name="description" content="hostapd (IEEE 802.1X, WPA, WPA2, RSN, IEEE 802.11i Authenticator and RADIUS authentication server)">`
Preparations for 0.6.7 release 2009-01-06 19:11:15 +01:00			`<meta name="keywords" content="WPA, WPA2, IEEE 802.11i, IEEE 802.1X, WPA Authenticator, hostapd, TKIP, CCMP, EAP-PEAP, EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS, EAP-SIM, EAP-AKA, EAP-GTC, EAP-MSCHAPv2, EAP-MD5, EAP-PAX, EAP-PSK, EAP-FAST, IEEE 802.1X Supplicant, IEEE 802.1aa, EAPOL, RSN, pre-authentication, PMKSA caching, BSD WPA Authenticator, FreeBSD WPA Authenticator, RADIUS authentication server, EAP authenticator, EAP server, EAP-TNC, TNCS, IF-IMV, IF-TNCCS, WPS">`
Re-initialize hostapd/wpa_supplicant git repository based on 0.6.3 release 2008-02-28 02:34:43 +01:00			`<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">`
			`</head>`

			`<body>`
			`<h2>hostapd: IEEE 802.11 AP, IEEE 802.1X/WPA/WPA2/EAP/RADIUS Authenticator</h2>`

			`<p>hostapd is a user space daemon for access point and authentication`
			`servers. It implements IEEE 802.11 access point management, IEEE`
			`802.1X/WPA/WPA2/EAP Authenticators, RADIUS client, EAP server, and`
			`RADIUS authentication server. The current version supports Linux (Host`
Remove obsolete Prism54.org driver support (driver_prism54.c) The Prism54.org project seems have been dead for a while and it does not look like this driver would ever be maintained again. Furthermore, it is difficult to find a version that would work with the driver_prism54.c wrapper and there is another driver for these card in the Linux kernel tree. The hostapd integration in driver_prism54.c is quite different from the other driver wrappers and would require major effort to get it cleaned up. Since there does not seem to be any real users for the cleaned up version, there does not seem to be justification to spend this effort on the wrapper. This old code is making it much more difficult to clean up the driver interface and at this point, the best option seems to be to remove the driver wrappers. Should someone really still need this, the old code will continue to be available in hostapd 0.6.x. 2009-12-12 19:52:12 +01:00			`AP, madwifi, mac80211-based drivers) and FreeBSD (net80211).</p>`
Re-initialize hostapd/wpa_supplicant git repository based on 0.6.3 release 2008-02-28 02:34:43 +01:00
			`<p>hostapd is designed to be a "daemon" program that runs in the`
			`background and acts as the backend component controlling`
			`authentication. hostapd supports separate frontend programs and an`
			`example text-based frontend, hostapd_cli, is included with`
			`hostapd.</p>`

			`<h4>Supported WPA/IEEE 802.11i/EAP/IEEE 802.1X features</h4>`

			`<ul>`
			`<li>WPA-PSK ("WPA-Personal")</li>`
			`<li>WPA with EAP (with integrated EAP server or an external`
			`RADIUS backend authentication server) ("WPA-Enterprise")</li>`
			`<li>key management for CCMP, TKIP, WEP104, WEP40</li>`
			`<li>WPA and full IEEE 802.11i/RSN/WPA2</li>`
			`<li>RSN: PMKSA caching, pre-authentication</li>`
Preparations for 0.6.8 release 2009-02-15 19:17:25 +01:00			`<li>IEEE 802.11r</li>`
			`<li>IEEE 802.11w</li>`
Re-initialize hostapd/wpa_supplicant git repository based on 0.6.3 release 2008-02-28 02:34:43 +01:00			`<li>RADIUS accounting</li>`
			`<li>RADIUS authentication server with EAP</li>`
Preparations for 0.6.7 release 2009-01-06 19:11:15 +01:00			`<li>Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS)</li>`
Re-initialize hostapd/wpa_supplicant git repository based on 0.6.3 release 2008-02-28 02:34:43 +01:00			`</ul>`

			`<h4>Supported EAP methods (integrated EAP server and RADIUS authentication server)</h4>`

			`<ul>`
			`<li>EAP-TLS</li>`
			`<li>EAP-PEAP/MSCHAPv2 (both PEAPv0 and PEAPv1)</li>`
			`<li>EAP-PEAP/TLS (both PEAPv0 and PEAPv1)</li>`
			`<li>EAP-PEAP/GTC (both PEAPv0 and PEAPv1)</li>`
			`<li>EAP-PEAP/MD5-Challenge (both PEAPv0 and PEAPv1)</li>`
			`<li>EAP-TTLS/EAP-MD5-Challenge</li>`
			`<li>EAP-TTLS/EAP-GTC</li>`
			`<li>EAP-TTLS/EAP-MSCHAPv2</li>`
			`<li>EAP-TTLS/MSCHAPv2</li>`
			`<li>EAP-TTLS/EAP-TLS</li>`
			`<li>EAP-TTLS/MSCHAP</li>`
			`<li>EAP-TTLS/PAP</li>`
			`<li>EAP-TTLS/CHAP</li>`
			`<li>EAP-SIM</li>`
			`<li>EAP-AKA</li>`
Merged EAP-AKA' into eap_aka.c and added it to defconfig/ChangeLog 2008-12-07 18:24:56 +01:00			`<li>EAP-AKA'</li>`
Re-initialize hostapd/wpa_supplicant git repository based on 0.6.3 release 2008-02-28 02:34:43 +01:00			`<li>EAP-PAX</li>`
			`<li>EAP-PSK</li>`
			`<li>EAP-SAKE</li>`
			`<li>EAP-FAST</li>`
			`<li>EAP-IKEv2</li>`
Preparations for 0.6.7 release 2009-01-06 19:11:15 +01:00			`<li>EAP-GPSK</li>`
Re-initialize hostapd/wpa_supplicant git repository based on 0.6.3 release 2008-02-28 02:34:43 +01:00			`</ul>`

			`<p>Following methods are also supported, but since they do not generate keying`
			`material, they cannot be used with WPA or IEEE 802.1X WEP keying.</p>`

			`<ul>`
			`<li>EAP-MD5-Challenge</li>`
			`<li>EAP-MSCHAPv2</li>`
			`<li>EAP-GTC</li>`
TNC: Added TNC server support into documentation and ChangeLogs 2008-03-09 11:14:15 +01:00			`<li>EAP-TNC (Trusted Network Connect; TNCS, IF-IMV, IF-T, IF-TNCCS)</li>`
Re-initialize hostapd/wpa_supplicant git repository based on 0.6.3 release 2008-02-28 02:34:43 +01:00			`</ul>`

			`<p>More information about EAP methods and interoperability testing is`
			`available in <a href="/gitweb/gitweb.cgi?p=hostap.git;a=blob_plain;f=hostapd/eap_testing.txt">eap_testing.txt</a>.</p>`


			`<h4>Supported wireless cards/drivers</h4>`

			`<ul>`
Add link to mac80211 driver information 2009-03-19 19:32:45 +01:00			`<li><a href="http://wireless.kernel.org/en/developers/Documentation/mac80211">Linux mac80211 drivers</a></li>`
			`<li><a href="http://w1.fi/">Host AP driver for Prism2/2.5/3</a></li>`
Re-initialize hostapd/wpa_supplicant git repository based on 0.6.3 release 2008-02-28 02:34:43 +01:00			`<li><a href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/madwifi/">madwifi (Atheros ar521x)</a></li>`
			`<li>BSD net80211 layer (e.g., Atheros driver) (FreeBSD 6-CURRENT)</li>`
			`</ul>`

			`<h3><a name="download">Download</a></h3>`

			`<p>`
			`<b>hostapd</b><br>`
Update copyright notices to include the new year 2011-02-27 11:50:00 +01:00			`Copyright (c) 2002-2011, Jouni Malinen <j@w1.fi>`
Re-initialize hostapd/wpa_supplicant git repository based on 0.6.3 release 2008-02-28 02:34:43 +01:00			`and contributors.`
			`</p>`

			`<p>`
			`This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify`
			`it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as`
			`published by the Free Software Foundation. See`
			`<a href="/gitweb/gitweb.cgi?p=hostap.git;a=blob_plain;f=COPYING">COPYING</a>`
			`for more details.`
			`</p>`

			`<p>Alternatively, this software may be distributed, used, and modified`
			`under the terms of BSD license. See <a href="/gitweb/gitweb.cgi?p=hostap.git;a=blob_plain;f=hostapd/README">README</a>`
			`for more details.</p>`

			`<p>`
			`<b>Please see`
			`<a href="/gitweb/gitweb.cgi?p=hostap.git;a=blob_plain;f=hostapd/README">README</a>`
			`for the current documentation.</b></p>`


			`<ul>`
			`<li><a href="../releases.html">Release graph</a></li>`
			`<li>Latest stable release:`
			`<ul>`
Preparations for 0.7.3 release 2010-09-07 18:48:50 +02:00			`<li><a href="../releases/hostapd-0.7.3.tar.gz">hostapd-0.7.3.tar.gz</a></li>`
			`</ul>`
			`<li>Previous stable release:`
			`<ul>`
Preparations for 0.6.10 release 2010-01-12 17:31:56 +01:00			`<li><a href="../releases/hostapd-0.6.10.tar.gz">hostapd-0.6.10.tar.gz</a></li>`
Re-initialize hostapd/wpa_supplicant git repository based on 0.6.3 release 2008-02-28 02:34:43 +01:00			`</ul>`
Preparations for 0.7.3 release 2010-09-07 18:48:50 +02:00			`<!--`
Re-initialize hostapd/wpa_supplicant git repository based on 0.6.3 release 2008-02-28 02:34:43 +01:00			`<li>Latest development release:`
			`<ul>`
Preparations for 0.7.3 release 2010-09-07 18:48:50 +02:00			`<li><a href="../releases/hostapd-0.8.0.tar.gz">hostapd-0.8.0.tar.gz</a></li>`
Re-initialize hostapd/wpa_supplicant git repository based on 0.6.3 release 2008-02-28 02:34:43 +01:00			`</ul>`
Preparations for 0.7.3 release 2010-09-07 18:48:50 +02:00			`-->`
Re-initialize hostapd/wpa_supplicant git repository based on 0.6.3 release 2008-02-28 02:34:43 +01:00			`<li>ChangeLog:`
			`<ul>`
			`<li><a href="/gitweb/gitweb.cgi?p=hostap.git;a=blob_plain;f=hostapd/ChangeLog">development branch</a></li>`
Preparations for 0.7.3 release 2010-09-07 18:48:50 +02:00			`<li><a href="/gitweb/gitweb.cgi?p=hostap-07.git;a=blob_plain;f=hostapd/ChangeLog">stable branch</li>`
			`<li><a href="/gitweb/gitweb.cgi?p=hostap-06.git;a=blob_plain;f=hostapd/ChangeLog">previous stable branch</li>`
Re-initialize hostapd/wpa_supplicant git repository based on 0.6.3 release 2008-02-28 02:34:43 +01:00			`</ul>`
			`<li><a href="../releases/">Old releases</a></li>`
			`<li><a href="http://lists.shmoo.com/mailman/listinfo/hostap">Mailing list</a></li>`
			`<li><a href="http://lists.shmoo.com/pipermail/hostap/">New mailing list archives</a></li>`
			`<li><a href="/gitweb/gitweb.cgi">Web interface to GIT repository (0.6.x and newer)</a></li>`
			`<li><a href="/cgi-bin/viewcvs.cgi/hostap/">Web interface to CVS repository (0.5.x and older)</a></li>`
			`<li><a href="../releases/snapshots/">Snapshot releases from all active branches</a>`
			`<li><a href="../cvs.html">GIT and read-only anonymous CVS access (pserver)</a></li>`
			`<li><a href="../bugz/">Bug and feature request tracking</a></li>`
Replace hostapd devel doc link with shared doc with wpa_supplicant 2009-11-29 09:50:49 +01:00			`<li><a href="../wpa_supplicant/devel/">Developers' documentation for wpa_supplicant/hostapd</a></li>`
Re-initialize hostapd/wpa_supplicant git repository based on 0.6.3 release 2008-02-28 02:34:43 +01:00			`</ul>`

			`<h3>WPA</h3>`

			`<p>The original security mechanism of IEEE 802.11 standard was not`
			`designed to be strong and has proven to be insufficient for most`
			`networks that require some kind of security. Task group I (Security)`
			`of <a href="http://www.ieee802.org/11/">IEEE 802.11 working group</a>`
			`has worked to address the flaws of the base standard and in`
			`practice completed its work in May 2004. The IEEE 802.11i amendment to`
			`the IEEE 802.11 standard was approved in June 2004 and published in`
			`July 2004.</p>`

			`<p><a href="http://www.wi-fi.org/">Wi-Fi Alliance</a> used a draft`
			`version of the IEEE 802.11i work (draft 3.0) to define a subset of the`
			`security enhancements that can be implemented with existing wlan`
			`hardware. This is called Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA). This has`
			`now become a mandatory component of interoperability testing and`
			`certification done by Wi-Fi Alliance. Wi-Fi has`
			`<a href="http://www.wi-fi.org/OpenSection/protected_access.asp">information`
			`about WPA</a> at its web site.</p>`

			`<p>IEEE 802.11 standard defined wired equivalent privacy (WEP) algorithm`
			`for protecting wireless networks. WEP uses RC4 with 40-bit keys,`
			`24-bit initialization vector (IV), and CRC32 to protect against packet`
			`forgery. All these choices have proven to be insufficient: key space is`
			`too small against current attacks, RC4 key scheduling is insufficient`
			`(beginning of the pseudorandom stream should be skipped), IV space is`
			`too small and IV reuse makes attacks easier, there is no replay`
			`protection, and non-keyed authentication does not protect against bit`
			`flipping packet data.</p>`

			`<p>WPA is an intermediate solution for the security issues. It uses`
			`Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) to replace WEP. TKIP is a`
			`compromise on strong security and possibility to use existing`
			`hardware. It still uses RC4 for the encryption like WEP, but with`
			`per-packet RC4 keys. In addition, it implements replay protection,`
			`keyed packet authentication mechanism (Michael MIC).</p>`

			`<p>Keys can be managed using two different mechanisms. WPA can either use`
			`an external authentication server (e.g., RADIUS) and EAP just like`
			`IEEE 802.1X is using or pre-shared keys without need for additional`
			`servers. Wi-Fi calls these "WPA-Enterprise" and "WPA-Personal",`
			`respectively. Both mechanisms will generate a master session key for`
			`the Authenticator (AP) and Supplicant (client station).</p>`

			`<p>WPA implements a new key handshake (4-Way Handshake and Group Key`
			`Handshake) for generating and exchanging data encryption keys between`
			`the Authenticator and Supplicant. This handshake is also used to`
			`verify that both Authenticator and Supplicant know the master session`
			`key. These handshakes are identical regardless of the selected key`
			`management mechanism (only the method for generating master session`
			`key changes).</p>`


			`<h3>IEEE 802.11i / RSN / WPA2</h3>`

			`<p>The design for parts of IEEE 802.11i that were not included in WPA`
			`has finished (May 2004) and this amendment to IEEE 802.11 was approved`
			`in June 2004. Wi-Fi Alliance is using the final IEEE 802.11i as a new`
			`version of WPA called WPA2. This included, e.g., support for more`
			`robust encryption algorithm (CCMP: AES in Counter mode with CBC-MAC)`
			`to replace TKIP, optimizations for handoff (reduced number of messages`
			`in initial key handshake, pre-authentication, and PMKSA caching).</p>`

			`<h4>Configuration file</h4>`

			`<p>hostapd is configured using a text file that lists all the configuration`
			`parameters. See an example configuration file,`
			`<a href="/gitweb/gitweb.cgi?p=hostap.git;a=blob_plain;f=hostapd/hostapd.conf">hostapd.conf</a>,`
			`for detailed information about the configuration format and supported`
			`fields.</p>`

			`<h3>Feedback, comments, mailing list</h3>`

			`<p>`
			`Any comments, reports on success/failure, ideas for further`
			`improvement, feature requests, etc. are welcome at j@w1.fi.`
			`Please note, that I often receive more email than I have time to answer.`
			`Unfortunately, some messages may not get a reply, but I'll try to go`
			`through my mail whenever time permits.`
			`</p>`

			`<p>`
			`Host AP mailing list can also be used for topics related to`
Fix typos found by codespell Signed-off-by: Pavel Roskin <proski@gnu.org> 2011-09-21 23:43:59 +02:00			`hostapd. Since this list has a broader audience, your likelihood of`
Re-initialize hostapd/wpa_supplicant git repository based on 0.6.3 release 2008-02-28 02:34:43 +01:00			`getting responses is higher. This list is recommended for general`
			`questions about hostapd and its development. In addition, I`
			`will send release notes to it whenever a new version is available.`
			`</p>`

			`<p>`
			`The mailing list information and web archive is at <a`
			`href="http://lists.shmoo.com/mailman/listinfo/hostap">http://lists.shmoo.com/mailman/listinfo/hostap</a>.`
			`Messages to hostap@shmoo.com will be delivered to the`
			`subscribers. Please note, that due to large number of spam and virus`
			`messages sent to the list address, the list is configured to accept`
			`messages only from subscribed addresses. Messages from unsubscribed addresses`
			`may be accepted manually, but their delivery will be delayed.`
			`</p>`

			`<p>`
			`If you want to make sure your bug report of feature request does not`
			`get lost, please report it through the bug tracking system as`
			`<a href="../bugz/enter_bug.cgi">a new`
			`bug/feature request</a>.`
			`</p>`

			`<hr>`
			`<div>`
			`<address><a href="mailto:j@w1.fi">Jouni Malinen</a></address>`
			`<!-- Created: Sun Jan 2 17:20:17 PST 2005 -->`
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