+
+
+ -
+
- Main page +
- Download +
- Manual +
- Publications +
+Heptagon is a synchronous dataflow language whose syntax and semantics is +inspired from Lustre, +with a syntax allowing the expression of control structures (e.g., switch or +mode automata). +
++Heptagon is also a research compiler, whose aim is to facilitate +experimentation. The current version of the compiler includes the following +features: +
+ Heptagon is developed in + the Parkas (ENS) + and Pop-Art (LIG/INRIA) research teams. +
+ +| Gwenaël Delaval | +Assistant Prof. at UJF | ++33 4 76 61 54 31 | +web | +|
| Léonard Gérard | +PhD student at ENS | ++ | + | |
| Adrien Guatto | +PhD student at ENS | ++ | web | +|
| Hervé Marchand | +Researcher at INRIA | ++33 2 99 84 75 09 | +web | +|
| Cédric Pasteur | +PhD student at ENS | ++ | web | +|
| Marc Pouzet | +Professor at ENS | ++ | web | +|
| Eric Rutten | +Researcher at INRIA | ++33 4 76 61 55 50 | +web | +
| +[GGPP12] + | +
+Léonard Gérard, Adrien Guatto, Cédric Pasteur, and Marc Pouzet.
+ A modular memory optimization for synchronous data-flow languages.
+ In Proc. of the ACM International Conference on Languages,
+ Compilers, Tools and Theory for Embedded Systems (LCTES'12), Beijing, China,
+ June 2012.
+[ bib ]
++The generation of efficient sequential code for + synchronous data-flow languages raises two + intertwined issues: control and memory + optimization. While the former has been extensively + studied, for instance in the compilation of LUSTRE + and SIGNAL, the latter has only been addressed in a + restricted manner. Yet, memory optimization becomes + a pressing issue when arrays are added to such + languages. This article presents a two-level + solution to the memory optimization problem. It + combines a compile-time optimization algorithm, + reminiscent of register allocation, paired with + language annotations on the source given by the + designer. Annotations express in-place modifications + and control where allocation is performed. Moreover, + they allow external functions performing in-place + modifications to be safely imported. Soundness of + annotations is guaranteed by a semilinear type + system and additional scheduling constraints. A key + feature is that annotations for well-typed programs + do not change the semantics of the language: + removing them may lead to less efficient code but + will not alter the semantics. The method has been + implemented in a new compiler for a LUSTRE-like + synchronous language extended with hierarchical + automata and arrays. Experiments show that the + proposed approach removes most of the unnecessary + array copies, resulting in faster code that uses + less memory. ++ +Keywords: synchronous programming; type system ++ + |
+
| +[ADPG+11] + | +
+S. Aboubekr, G. Delaval, R. Pissard-Gibollet, É. Rutten, and D. Simon.
+ Automatic generation of discrete handlers of real-time continuous
+ control tasks.
+ In Proc. 18th World Congress of the International Federation of
+ Automatic Control (IFAC), Milano, Italy, August 2011.
+[ bib |
+.pdf ]
++We present a novel technique for designing discrete, + logical control loops, on top of continuous control + tasks, ensuring logical safety properties of the + tasks sequencings and mode changes. We define this + new handler on top of the real-time executives built + with the Orccad design environment for control + systems, which is applied, e.g. to robotics and + real-time networked control. It features structures + of control tasks, each equipped with a local + automaton, used for the reactive, event-based + management of its activity and modes. The + additional discrete handler manages the interactions + between tasks, concerning, e.g., mutual exclusions, + forbidden or imposed sequences. We use a new + reactive programming language, with constructs for + finite-state machines and data-flow nodes, and a + mechanism of behavioral contracts, which involves + discrete controller synthesis. The result is a + discrete control loop, on top of the continuous + control loops, all integrated in a coherent + real-time architecture. Our approach is illustrated + and validated experimentally with the case study of + a robot arm. ++ + |
+
| +[BPD+11] + | +
+Fabienne Boyer, Noël De Palma, Gwenaël Delaval, Olivier Gruber, and
+ Eric Rutten.
+ Case studies in discrete control for autonomic system administration.
+ In Sixth International Workshop on Feedback Control
+ Implementation and Design in Computing Systems and Networks (FeBID 2011),
+ Karlsruhe, Germany, June 2011.
+[ bib |
+.pdf ]
++This paper presents examples of autonomic system + administration issues that can be addressed and + solved as discrete control problems. This shows + evidence of the relevance of control techniques for + the discrete aspects of closed-loop control of + computing systems. The model-based control of + adaptive and reconfigurable systems is considered via + a reactive programming language, based on discrete + controller synthesis (DCS) techniques. We identify + control problems in autonomic systems belonging to + the class of logical, discrete systems, and + illustrate how to solve them using DCS. ++ + |
+
| +[BSDR11] + | +
+Tayeb Bouhadiba, Quentin Sabah, Gwenaël Delaval, and Éric Rutten.
+ Synchronous control of reconfiguration in fractal component-based
+ systems - a case study.
+ Rapport de recherche RR-7631, INRIA, May 2011.
+[ bib |
+http |
+.pdf ]
++In the context of component-based embedded systems, + the management of dynamic reconfiguration in + adaptive systems is an increasingly important + feature. The Fractal component-based framework, and + its industrial instantiation MIND, provide for + support for control operations in the lifecycle of + components. Nevertheless, the use of complex and + integrated architectures make the management of this + reconfiguration operations difficult to handle by + programmers. To address this issue, we propose to + use Synchronous languages, which are a complete + approach to the design of reactive systems, based on + behavior models in the form of transition + systems. Furthermore, the design of closed-loop + reactive managers of reconfigurations can benefit + from formal tools like Discrete Controller + Synthesis. In this paper we describe an approach to + concretely integrate synchronous reconfiguration + managers in Fractal component-based systems. We + describe how to model the state space of the control + problem, and how to specify the control + objectives. We describe the implementation of the + resulting manager with the Fractal/Cecilia + programming environment, taking advantage of the + Comete distributed middleware. We illustrate and + validate it with the case study of the Comanche HTTP + server on a multi-core execution platform. ++ +Keywords: Component-based systems, synchronous programming, + reconfigurable systems, discrete controller + synthesis. ++ + |
+
| +[DDR10] + | +
+Noël De Palma, Gwenaël Delaval, and Éric Rutten.
+ Qos and energy management coordination using discrete controller
+ synthesis.
+ In 1st International Workshop on Green Computing Middleware
+ (GCM'2010), Bangalore, India, November 2010.
+[ bib |
+.pdf ]
++Green computing is nowadays a major challenge for + most IT organizations. Administrators have to + manage the trade-off between system performances and + energy saving goals. Autonomic computing is a + promising approach to control the QoS and the energy + consumed by a system. This paper precisely + investigates the use of synchronous programming and + discrete controller synthesis to automate the + generation of a controller that enforces the + required coordination between QoS and energy + managers. We illustrate our approach by describing + the coordination between a simple admission + controller and an energy controller. ++ + |
+
| +[DR10b] + | +
+Gwenaël Delaval and Éric Rutten.
+ Reactive model-based control of reconfiguration in the fractal
+ component-based model.
+ In 13th International Symposium on Component Based Software
+ Engineering (CBSE 2010), Prague, Czech Republic, June 2010.
+[ bib |
+.pdf ]
++We present a technique for designing reconfiguration + controllers in the Fractal component-based + framework. We obtain discrete control loops that + automatically enforce safety properties on the + interactions between components, concerning, e.g., + mutual exclusions, forbidden or imposed sequences. + We use a reactive programming language, with a new + mechanism of behavioural contracts. Its compilation + involves discrete controller synthesis, which + automatically generates the correct adaptation + controllers. We apply our approach to the problem + of adaptive ressource management, illustrated by the + example of a HTTP server. ++ + |
+
| +[DMR10] + | +
+Gwenaël Delaval, Hervé Marchand, and Éric Rutten.
+ Contracts for modular discrete controller synthesis.
+ In ACM International Conference on Languages, Compilers, and
+ Tools for Embedded Systems (LCTES 2010), Stockholm, Sweden, April 2010.
+[ bib |
+.pdf ]
++We describe the extension of a reactive programming + language with a behavioral contract construct. It + is dedicated to the programming of reactive control + of applications in embedded systems, and involves + principles of the supervisory control of discrete + event systems. Our contribution is in a language + approach where modular discrete controller synthesis + (DCS) is integrated, and it is concretized in the + encapsulation of DCS into a compilation process. + From transition system specifications of possible + behaviors, DCS automatically produces controllers + that make the controlled system satisfy the property + given as objective. Our language features and + compiling technique provide + correctness-by-construction in that sense, and + enhance reliability and verifiability. Our + application domain is adaptive and reconfigurable + systems: closed-loop adaptation mechanisms enable + flexible execution of functionalities w.r.t. + changing resource and environment conditions. Our + language can serve programming such adaption + controllers. This paper particularly describes the + compilation of the language. We present a method + for the modular application of discrete controller + synthesis on synchronous programs, and its + integration in the BZR language. We consider + structured programs, as a composition of nodes, and + first apply DCS on particular nodes of the program, + in order to reduce the complexity of the controller + computation; then, we allow the abstraction of parts + of the program for this computation; and finally, we + show how to recompose the different controllers + computed from different abstractions for their + correct co-execution with the initial program. Our + work is illustrated with examples, and we present + quantitative results about its implementation. ++ + |
+
| +[DR10a] + | +
+Gwenaël Delaval and Éric Rutten.
+ A language-based approach to the discrete control of adaptive
+ resource management.
+ In Workshop on Adaptive Resource Management (WARM 2010),
+ Stockholm, Sweden, April 2010.
+[ bib |
+.pdf ]
++We present a novel technique for designing discrete + control loops for adaptive systems. They + automatically enforce safety properties on the + interactions between tasks, concerning, e.g., mutual + exclusions, forbidden or imposed sequences. We use + a new reactive programming language, with a + mechanism of behavioural contracts. Its compilation + involves discrete controller synthesis, which + automatically generates the correct appropriate + adaptation controllers. We apply our approach to + the problem of adaptive ressource management, + illustrated by the example of a HTTP server. ++ + |
+
| +[ADR09] + | +
+Soufyane Aboubekr, Gwenaël Delaval, and Éric Rutten.
+ A programming language for adaptation control: Case study.
+ In 2nd Workshop on Adaptive and Reconfigurable Embedded Systems
+ (APRES 2009). ACM SIGBED Review, volume 6, Grenoble, France, October 2009.
+[ bib |
+.pdf ]
++We illustrate an approach for the safe design of + adaptive embedded systems. It applies the BZR + programming language, featuring a special new + contract mechanism: its compilation involves + automatical discrete controller synthesis. The + contribution of this paper is to illustrate how it + can be used to enforce the correct adaptation + control of the application, meeting execution + constraints, with the case study of a video module + of a multimedia cellular phone. ++ + |
+
| +[GYDR09] + | +
+Abdoulaye Gamatié, Huafeng Yu, Gwenaël Delaval, and Éric Rutten.
+ A case study on controller synthesis for data-intensive embedded
+ systems.
+ In Proceedings of the 6th IEEE International Conference on
+ Embedded Software and Systems (ICESS'2009), HangZhou, Zhejiang, China, May
+ 2009.
+[ bib ]
++This paper presents an approach for the safe design + of data-intensive embedded systems. A multimedia + application module of last generation cellular + phones is considered as a case study. The OMG + standard profile MARTE is used to adequately model + the application. The resulting model is then + transformed into a synchronous program from which a + controller is synthesized by using a formal + technique, in order to enforce the safe behavior of + the modeled application while meeting quality of + service requirements. The whole study is carried out + in a design framework, GASPARD, dedicated to + high-performance embedded systems. ++ + |
+
| +[DR07] + | +
+Gwenaël Delaval and Éric Rutten.
+ A domain-specific language for multitask systems, applying discrete
+ controller synthesis.
+ EURASIP Journal on Embedded Systems, 2007:Article ID 84192, 17
+ pages, 2007.
+[ bib |
+DOI |
+.pdf ]
++We propose a simple programming language, called + Nemo, specific to the domain of multi-task real-time + control systems, such as in robotic, automotive or + avionics systems. It can be used to specify a set of + resources with usage constraints, a set of tasks + that consume them according to various modes, and + applications sequencing the tasks. We obtain + automatically an application-specific task handler + that correctly manages the constraints (if there + exists one), through a compilation-like process + including a phase of discrete controller + synthesis. This way, this formal technique + contributes to the safety of the designed systems, + while being encapsulated in a tool that makes it + useable by application experts. Our approach is + based on the synchronous modelling techniques, + languages and tools. ++ +Keywords: real-time systems, safe design, domain-specific + language, discrete control synthesis, synchronous + programming ++ + |
+
| +[DR06] + | ++G. Delaval and E. Rutten. + A domain-specific language for task handlers generation, applying + discrete controller synthesis. + In SAC '06: Proceedings of the 2006 ACM Symposium on Applied + computing, pages 901-905, Dijon, France, April 2006. ACM Press. +[ bib | +DOI | +.ps.gz | +.pdf ] + + | +
| +[DR05] + | ++G. Delaval and E. Rutten. + A domain-specific language for multi-task systems, applying discrete + controller synthesis. + Rapport de recherche INRIA nº5690, September 2005. +[ bib | +.ps.gz | +.pdf ] + + | +
This file was generated by +bibtex2html 1.95.
diff --git a/web/publications_bib.html b/web/publications_bib.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8897771 --- /dev/null +++ b/web/publications_bib.html @@ -0,0 +1,422 @@ +
+@inproceedings{Gerard:2012,
+ author = {L{\'e}onard G{\'e}rard and Adrien Guatto and
+ C{\'e}dric Pasteur and Marc Pouzet},
+ title = {A Modular Memory Optimization for Synchronous
+ Data-Flow Languages},
+ booktitle = {Proc. of the ACM International Conference on
+ Languages, Compilers, Tools and Theory for Embedded
+ Systems (LCTES'12)},
+ date-added = {2012-07-04 16:11:46 +0200},
+ date-modified = {2012-07-04 16:15:18 +0200},
+ keywords = {synchronous programming; type system},
+ year = 2012,
+ month = jun,
+ address = {Beijing, China},
+ abstract = {The generation of efficient sequential code for
+ synchronous data-flow languages raises two
+ intertwined issues: control and memory
+ optimization. While the former has been extensively
+ studied, for instance in the compilation of LUSTRE
+ and SIGNAL, the latter has only been addressed in a
+ restricted manner. Yet, memory optimization becomes
+ a pressing issue when arrays are added to such
+ languages. This article presents a two-level
+ solution to the memory optimization problem. It
+ combines a compile-time optimization algorithm,
+ reminiscent of register allocation, paired with
+ language annotations on the source given by the
+ designer. Annotations express in-place modifications
+ and control where allocation is performed. Moreover,
+ they allow external functions performing in-place
+ modifications to be safely imported. Soundness of
+ annotations is guaranteed by a semilinear type
+ system and additional scheduling constraints. A key
+ feature is that annotations for well-typed programs
+ do not change the semantics of the language:
+ removing them may lead to less efficient code but
+ will not alter the semantics. The method has been
+ implemented in a new compiler for a LUSTRE-like
+ synchronous language extended with hierarchical
+ automata and arrays. Experiments show that the
+ proposed approach removes most of the unnecessary
+ array copies, resulting in faster code that uses
+ less memory. }
+}
+
+
+
+@misc{rr-nemo,
+ author = {Delaval, G. and Rutten, E.},
+ title = {A Domain-Specific Language for Multi-task Systems,
+ applying Discrete Controller Synthesis},
+ howpublished = {Rapport de recherche INRIA nº5690},
+ month = sep,
+ year = 2005,
+ pdf = {http://pop-art.inrialpes.fr/people/delaval/pub/RR-5690.pdf},
+ ps = {http://pop-art.inrialpes.fr/people/delaval/pub/RR-5690.ps.gz}
+}
+
+
+
+@inproceedings{delaval06:_domain_specif_languag_multi_system,
+ author = {Delaval, G. and Rutten, E.},
+ title = {A Domain-specific Language for Task Handlers
+ Generation, Applying Discrete Controller Synthesis},
+ booktitle = {SAC '06: Proceedings of the 2006 ACM Symposium on
+ Applied computing},
+ year = 2006,
+ address = {Dijon, France},
+ month = apr,
+ isbn = {1-59593-108-2},
+ pages = {901--905},
+ doi = {10.1145/1141277.1141487},
+ publisher = {ACM Press},
+ pdf = {http://pop-art.inrialpes.fr/people/delaval/pub/article-nemo.pdf},
+ ps = {http://pop-art.inrialpes.fr/people/delaval/pub/article-nemo.ps.gz}
+}
+
+
+
+@article{delaval07:_nemo_jes,
+ author = {Delaval, Gwenaël and Rutten, Éric },
+ title = {A Domain-Specific Language for Multitask Systems,
+ Applying Discrete Controller Synthesis},
+ journal = {EURASIP Journal on Embedded Systems},
+ year = 2007,
+ volume = 2007,
+ pages = {Article ID 84192, 17 pages},
+ doi = {10.1155/2007/84192},
+ abstract = {We propose a simple programming language, called
+ Nemo, specific to the domain of multi-task real-time
+ control systems, such as in robotic, automotive or
+ avionics systems. It can be used to specify a set of
+ resources with usage constraints, a set of tasks
+ that consume them according to various modes, and
+ applications sequencing the tasks. We obtain
+ automatically an application-specific task handler
+ that correctly manages the constraints (if there
+ exists one), through a compilation-like process
+ including a phase of discrete controller
+ synthesis. This way, this formal technique
+ contributes to the safety of the designed systems,
+ while being encapsulated in a tool that makes it
+ useable by application experts. Our approach is
+ based on the synchronous modelling techniques,
+ languages and tools.},
+ keywords = {real-time systems, safe design, domain-specific
+ language, discrete control synthesis, synchronous
+ programming},
+ pdf = {http://pop-art.inrialpes.fr/people/delaval/pub/nemo-jes2007.pdf}
+}
+
+
+
+@inproceedings{delaval10:_contracts_mod_dcs,
+ author = {Delaval, Gwena\"{e}l and Marchand, Herv\'{e} and
+ Rutten, \'{E}ric},
+ title = {Contracts for Modular Discrete Controller Synthesis},
+ booktitle = {ACM International Conference on Languages,
+ Compilers, and Tools for Embedded Systems (LCTES
+ 2010)},
+ year = 2010,
+ address = {Stockholm, Sweden},
+ month = apr,
+ abstract = {We describe the extension of a reactive programming
+ language with a behavioral contract construct. It
+ is dedicated to the programming of reactive control
+ of applications in embedded systems, and involves
+ principles of the supervisory control of discrete
+ event systems. Our contribution is in a language
+ approach where modular discrete controller synthesis
+ (DCS) is integrated, and it is concretized in the
+ encapsulation of DCS into a compilation process.
+ From transition system specifications of possible
+ behaviors, DCS automatically produces controllers
+ that make the controlled system satisfy the property
+ given as objective. Our language features and
+ compiling technique provide
+ correctness-by-construction in that sense, and
+ enhance reliability and verifiability. Our
+ application domain is adaptive and reconfigurable
+ systems: closed-loop adaptation mechanisms enable
+ flexible execution of functionalities w.r.t.
+ changing resource and environment conditions. Our
+ language can serve programming such adaption
+ controllers. This paper particularly describes the
+ compilation of the language. We present a method
+ for the modular application of discrete controller
+ synthesis on synchronous programs, and its
+ integration in the BZR language. We consider
+ structured programs, as a composition of nodes, and
+ first apply DCS on particular nodes of the program,
+ in order to reduce the complexity of the controller
+ computation; then, we allow the abstraction of parts
+ of the program for this computation; and finally, we
+ show how to recompose the different controllers
+ computed from different abstractions for their
+ correct co-execution with the initial program. Our
+ work is illustrated with examples, and we present
+ quantitative results about its implementation.},
+ pdf = {http://pop-art.inrialpes.fr/people/delaval/pub/lctes2010.pdf}
+}
+
+
+
+@inproceedings{aboubekr09:_prog_lg_adapt_ctr,
+ author = {Aboubekr, Soufyane and Delaval, Gwena\"{e}l and
+ Rutten, \'{E}ric},
+ title = {A Programming Language for Adaptation Control: Case
+ Study},
+ booktitle = {2nd Workshop on Adaptive and Reconfigurable Embedded
+ Systems (APRES 2009). ACM SIGBED Review},
+ year = 2009,
+ volume = 6,
+ number = 3,
+ address = {Grenoble, France},
+ month = oct,
+ abstract = {We illustrate an approach for the safe design of
+ adaptive embedded systems. It applies the BZR
+ programming language, featuring a special new
+ contract mechanism: its compilation involves
+ automatical discrete controller synthesis. The
+ contribution of this paper is to illustrate how it
+ can be used to enforce the correct adaptation
+ control of the application, meeting execution
+ constraints, with the case study of a video module
+ of a multimedia cellular phone.},
+ pdf = {http://pop-art.inrialpes.fr/people/delaval/pub/apres09.pdf}
+}
+
+
+
+@inproceedings{delaval10:_warm,
+ author = {Delaval, Gwena\"{e}l and Rutten, \'{E}ric},
+ title = {A Language-Based Approach to the Discrete Control of
+ Adaptive Resource Management},
+ booktitle = {Workshop on Adaptive Resource Management (WARM
+ 2010)},
+ year = 2010,
+ address = {Stockholm, Sweden},
+ month = apr,
+ abstract = {We present a novel technique for designing discrete
+ control loops for adaptive systems. They
+ automatically enforce safety properties on the
+ interactions between tasks, concerning, e.g., mutual
+ exclusions, forbidden or imposed sequences. We use
+ a new reactive programming language, with a
+ mechanism of behavioural contracts. Its compilation
+ involves discrete controller synthesis, which
+ automatically generates the correct appropriate
+ adaptation controllers. We apply our approach to
+ the problem of adaptive ressource management,
+ illustrated by the example of a HTTP server.},
+ pdf = {http://pop-art.inrialpes.fr/people/delaval/pub/warm10.pdf}
+}
+
+
+
+@inproceedings{delaval10:_react_model_based_contr_of,
+ author = {Delaval, Gwena\"{e}l and Rutten, \'{E}ric},
+ title = {Reactive model-based control of reconfiguration in
+ the Fractal component-based model},
+ booktitle = {13th International Symposium on Component Based
+ Software Engineering (CBSE 2010)},
+ year = 2010,
+ address = {Prague, Czech Republic},
+ month = jun,
+ abstract = {We present a technique for designing reconfiguration
+ controllers in the Fractal component-based
+ framework. We obtain discrete control loops that
+ automatically enforce safety properties on the
+ interactions between components, concerning, e.g.,
+ mutual exclusions, forbidden or imposed sequences.
+ We use a reactive programming language, with a new
+ mechanism of behavioural contracts. Its compilation
+ involves discrete controller synthesis, which
+ automatically generates the correct adaptation
+ controllers. We apply our approach to the problem
+ of adaptive ressource management, illustrated by the
+ example of a HTTP server.},
+ pdf = {http://pop-art.inrialpes.fr/people/delaval/pub/delaval-cbse10.pdf}
+}
+
+
+
+@inproceedings{gcm10:_qos_energ_coord_dcs,
+ author = {{De Palma}, No\"{e}l and Delaval, Gwena\"{e}l and
+ Rutten, \'{E}ric},
+ title = {QoS and Energy Management Coordination using
+ Discrete Controller Synthesis},
+ booktitle = {1st International Workshop on Green Computing
+ Middleware (GCM'2010)},
+ year = 2010,
+ address = {Bangalore, India},
+ month = nov,
+ abstract = {Green computing is nowadays a major challenge for
+ most IT organizations. Administrators have to
+ manage the trade-off between system performances and
+ energy saving goals. Autonomic computing is a
+ promising approach to control the QoS and the energy
+ consumed by a system. This paper precisely
+ investigates the use of synchronous programming and
+ discrete controller synthesis to automate the
+ generation of a controller that enforces the
+ required coordination between QoS and energy
+ managers. We illustrate our approach by describing
+ the coordination between a simple admission
+ controller and an energy controller.},
+ pdf = {http://pop-art.inrialpes.fr/people/delaval/pub/delaval-gcm10.pdf}
+}
+
+
+
+@inproceedings{aboubekr11:_autom,
+ author = {S. Aboubekr and G. Delaval and R. Pissard-Gibollet
+ and {\'E}. Rutten and D. Simon},
+ title = {Automatic generation of discrete handlers of
+ real-time continuous control tasks},
+ booktitle = {Proc. 18th World Congress of the International
+ Federation of Automatic Control (IFAC)},
+ address = {Milano, Italy},
+ month = aug,
+ year = 2011,
+ abstract = {We present a novel technique for designing discrete,
+ logical control loops, on top of continuous control
+ tasks, ensuring logical safety properties of the
+ tasks sequencings and mode changes. We define this
+ new handler on top of the real-time executives built
+ with the Orccad design environment for control
+ systems, which is applied, e.g. to robotics and
+ real-time networked control. It features structures
+ of control tasks, each equipped with a local
+ automaton, used for the reactive, event-based
+ management of its activity and modes. The
+ additional discrete handler manages the interactions
+ between tasks, concerning, e.g., mutual exclusions,
+ forbidden or imposed sequences. We use a new
+ reactive programming language, with constructs for
+ finite-state machines and data-flow nodes, and a
+ mechanism of behavioral contracts, which involves
+ discrete controller synthesis. The result is a
+ discrete control loop, on top of the continuous
+ control loops, all integrated in a coherent
+ real-time architecture. Our approach is illustrated
+ and validated experimentally with the case study of
+ a robot arm. },
+ pdf = {http://pop-art.inrialpes.fr/people/delaval/pub/bzrccad.pdf}
+}
+
+
+
+@inproceedings{boyer11:_discr_contr_auton_system,
+ author = {Fabienne Boyer and No\"{e}l De Palma and Gwena\"{e}l
+ Delaval and Olivier Gruber and Eric Rutten},
+ title = {Case Studies in Discrete Control for Autonomic
+ System Administration },
+ booktitle = {Sixth International Workshop on Feedback Control
+ Implementation and Design in Computing Systems and
+ Networks (FeBID 2011)},
+ year = 2011,
+ address = {Karlsruhe, Germany},
+ month = jun,
+ abstract = {This paper presents examples of autonomic system
+ administration issues that can be addressed and
+ solved as discrete control problems. This shows
+ evidence of the relevance of control techniques for
+ the discrete aspects of closed-loop control of
+ computing systems. The model-based control of
+ adaptive and reconfigurable systems is considered via
+ a reactive programming language, based on discrete
+ controller synthesis (DCS) techniques. We identify
+ control problems in autonomic systems belonging to
+ the class of logical, discrete systems, and
+ illustrate how to solve them using DCS.},
+ pdf = {http://pop-art.inrialpes.fr/people/delaval/pub/febid2011.pdf}
+}
+
+
+
+@techreport{bouhadiba11:_sdc_fract,
+ hal_id = {inria-00596883},
+ url = {http://hal.inria.fr/inria-00596883/en/},
+ title = {Synchronous Control of Reconfiguration in Fractal
+ Component-based Systems -- a Case Study},
+ author = {Bouhadiba, Tayeb and Sabah, Quentin and Delaval,
+ Gwena{\"e}l and Rutten, \'Eric},
+ abstract = {{In the context of component-based embedded systems,
+ the management of dynamic reconfiguration in
+ adaptive systems is an increasingly important
+ feature. The Fractal component-based framework, and
+ its industrial instantiation MIND, provide for
+ support for control operations in the lifecycle of
+ components. Nevertheless, the use of complex and
+ integrated architectures make the management of this
+ reconfiguration operations difficult to handle by
+ programmers. To address this issue, we propose to
+ use Synchronous languages, which are a complete
+ approach to the design of reactive systems, based on
+ behavior models in the form of transition
+ systems. Furthermore, the design of closed-loop
+ reactive managers of reconfigurations can benefit
+ from formal tools like Discrete Controller
+ Synthesis. In this paper we describe an approach to
+ concretely integrate synchronous reconfiguration
+ managers in Fractal component-based systems. We
+ describe how to model the state space of the control
+ problem, and how to specify the control
+ objectives. We describe the implementation of the
+ resulting manager with the Fractal/Cecilia
+ programming environment, taking advantage of the
+ Comete distributed middleware. We illustrate and
+ validate it with the case study of the Comanche HTTP
+ server on a multi-core execution platform.}},
+ keywords = {Component-based systems, synchronous programming,
+ reconfigurable systems, discrete controller
+ synthesis.},
+ language = {Anglais},
+ affiliation = {SARDES - INRIA Grenoble Rh{\^o}ne-Alpes / LIG
+ Laboratoire d'Informatique de Grenoble - INRIA -
+ Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble - INPG -
+ Universit\'e Joseph Fourier - Grenoble I -
+ Universit\'e Pierre Mend\`es-France - Grenoble II -
+ CNRS : UMR5217},
+ pages = 31,
+ type = {Rapport de recherche},
+ institution = {INRIA},
+ number = {RR-7631},
+ year = 2011,
+ month = may,
+ pdf = {http://hal.inria.fr/inria-00596883/PDF/RR-7631.pdf}
+}
+
+
+
+@inproceedings{gamatie09:_case_study_contr_synth_for,
+ author = {Gamati\'e, Abdoulaye and Yu, Huafeng and Delaval,
+ Gwena\"el and Rutten, \'Eric},
+ title = {A Case Study on Controller Synthesis for
+ Data-Intensive Embedded Systems},
+ booktitle = {Proceedings of the 6th IEEE International Conference
+ on Embedded Software and Systems (ICESS'2009)},
+ year = 2009,
+ address = {HangZhou, Zhejiang, China},
+ month = may,
+ abstract = {This paper presents an approach for the safe design
+ of data-intensive embedded systems. A multimedia
+ application module of last generation cellular
+ phones is considered as a case study. The OMG
+ standard profile MARTE is used to adequately model
+ the application. The resulting model is then
+ transformed into a synchronous program from which a
+ controller is synthesized by using a formal
+ technique, in order to enforce the safe behavior of
+ the modeled application while meeting quality of
+ service requirements. The whole study is carried out
+ in a design framework, GASPARD, dedicated to
+ high-performance embedded systems.}
+}
+
+
+This file was generated by +bibtex2html 1.95.
diff --git a/web/publis.bib b/web/publis.bib new file mode 100644 index 0000000..429d06a --- /dev/null +++ b/web/publis.bib @@ -0,0 +1,395 @@ +@inproceedings{Gerard:2012, + Author = {L{\'e}onard G{\'e}rard and Adrien Guatto and + C{\'e}dric Pasteur and Marc Pouzet}, + Title = {A Modular Memory Optimization for Synchronous + Data-Flow Languages}, + Booktitle = {Proc. of the ACM International Conference on + Languages, Compilers, Tools and Theory for Embedded + Systems (LCTES'12)}, + Date-Added = {2012-07-04 16:11:46 +0200}, + Date-Modified= {2012-07-04 16:15:18 +0200}, + Keywords = {synchronous programming; type system}, + Year = 2012, + month = jun, + address = {Beijing, China}, + abstract = {The generation of efficient sequential code for + synchronous data-flow languages raises two + intertwined issues: control and memory + optimization. While the former has been extensively + studied, for instance in the compilation of LUSTRE + and SIGNAL, the latter has only been addressed in a + restricted manner. Yet, memory optimization becomes + a pressing issue when arrays are added to such + languages. This article presents a two-level + solution to the memory optimization problem. It + combines a compile-time optimization algorithm, + reminiscent of register allocation, paired with + language annotations on the source given by the + designer. Annotations express in-place modifications + and control where allocation is performed. Moreover, + they allow external functions performing in-place + modifications to be safely imported. Soundness of + annotations is guaranteed by a semilinear type + system and additional scheduling constraints. A key + feature is that annotations for well-typed programs + do not change the semantics of the language: + removing them may lead to less efficient code but + will not alter the semantics. The method has been + implemented in a new compiler for a LUSTRE-like + synchronous language extended with hierarchical + automata and arrays. Experiments show that the + proposed approach removes most of the unnecessary + array copies, resulting in faster code that uses + less memory. } +} + + +@misc{rr-nemo, + author = {Delaval, G. and Rutten, E.}, + title = {A Domain-Specific Language for Multi-task Systems, + applying Discrete Controller Synthesis}, + howpublished = {Rapport de recherche INRIA nº5690}, + month = sep, + year = 2005, + pdf = {http://pop-art.inrialpes.fr/people/delaval/pub/RR-5690.pdf}, + ps = {http://pop-art.inrialpes.fr/people/delaval/pub/RR-5690.ps.gz} +} + +@inproceedings{delaval06:_domain_specif_languag_multi_system, + author = {Delaval, G. and Rutten, E.}, + title = {A Domain-specific Language for Task Handlers + Generation, Applying Discrete Controller Synthesis}, + booktitle = {SAC '06: Proceedings of the 2006 ACM Symposium on + Applied computing}, + year = 2006, + address = {Dijon, France}, + month = apr, + isbn = {1-59593-108-2}, + pages = {901--905}, + doi = {10.1145/1141277.1141487}, + publisher = {ACM Press}, + pdf = {http://pop-art.inrialpes.fr/people/delaval/pub/article-nemo.pdf}, + ps = {http://pop-art.inrialpes.fr/people/delaval/pub/article-nemo.ps.gz} +} + +@article{delaval07:_nemo_jes, + author = {Delaval, Gwenaël and Rutten, Éric }, + title = {A Domain-Specific Language for Multitask Systems, + Applying Discrete Controller Synthesis}, + journal = {EURASIP Journal on Embedded Systems}, + year = 2007, + volume = 2007, + pages = {Article ID 84192, 17 pages}, + doi = {10.1155/2007/84192}, + abstract = {We propose a simple programming language, called + Nemo, specific to the domain of multi-task real-time + control systems, such as in robotic, automotive or + avionics systems. It can be used to specify a set of + resources with usage constraints, a set of tasks + that consume them according to various modes, and + applications sequencing the tasks. We obtain + automatically an application-specific task handler + that correctly manages the constraints (if there + exists one), through a compilation-like process + including a phase of discrete controller + synthesis. This way, this formal technique + contributes to the safety of the designed systems, + while being encapsulated in a tool that makes it + useable by application experts. Our approach is + based on the synchronous modelling techniques, + languages and tools.}, + keywords = {real-time systems, safe design, domain-specific + language, discrete control synthesis, synchronous + programming}, + pdf = {http://pop-art.inrialpes.fr/people/delaval/pub/nemo-jes2007.pdf} +} + +@inproceedings{delaval10:_contracts_mod_dcs, + author = {Delaval, Gwena\"{e}l and Marchand, Herv\'{e} and + Rutten, \'{E}ric}, + title = {Contracts for Modular Discrete Controller Synthesis}, + booktitle = {ACM International Conference on Languages, + Compilers, and Tools for Embedded Systems (LCTES + 2010)}, + year = 2010, + address = {Stockholm, Sweden}, + month = apr, + abstract = {We describe the extension of a reactive programming + language with a behavioral contract construct. It + is dedicated to the programming of reactive control + of applications in embedded systems, and involves + principles of the supervisory control of discrete + event systems. Our contribution is in a language + approach where modular discrete controller synthesis + (DCS) is integrated, and it is concretized in the + encapsulation of DCS into a compilation process. + From transition system specifications of possible + behaviors, DCS automatically produces controllers + that make the controlled system satisfy the property + given as objective. Our language features and + compiling technique provide + correctness-by-construction in that sense, and + enhance reliability and verifiability. Our + application domain is adaptive and reconfigurable + systems: closed-loop adaptation mechanisms enable + flexible execution of functionalities w.r.t. + changing resource and environment conditions. Our + language can serve programming such adaption + controllers. This paper particularly describes the + compilation of the language. We present a method + for the modular application of discrete controller + synthesis on synchronous programs, and its + integration in the BZR language. We consider + structured programs, as a composition of nodes, and + first apply DCS on particular nodes of the program, + in order to reduce the complexity of the controller + computation; then, we allow the abstraction of parts + of the program for this computation; and finally, we + show how to recompose the different controllers + computed from different abstractions for their + correct co-execution with the initial program. Our + work is illustrated with examples, and we present + quantitative results about its implementation.}, + pdf = {http://pop-art.inrialpes.fr/people/delaval/pub/lctes2010.pdf} +} + +@inproceedings{aboubekr09:_prog_lg_adapt_ctr, + author = {Aboubekr, Soufyane and Delaval, Gwena\"{e}l and + Rutten, \'{E}ric}, + title = {A Programming Language for Adaptation Control: Case + Study}, + booktitle = {2nd Workshop on Adaptive and Reconfigurable Embedded + Systems (APRES 2009). ACM SIGBED Review}, + year = 2009, + volume = 6, + number = 3, + address = {Grenoble, France}, + month = oct, + abstract = {We illustrate an approach for the safe design of + adaptive embedded systems. It applies the BZR + programming language, featuring a special new + contract mechanism: its compilation involves + automatical discrete controller synthesis. The + contribution of this paper is to illustrate how it + can be used to enforce the correct adaptation + control of the application, meeting execution + constraints, with the case study of a video module + of a multimedia cellular phone.}, + pdf = {http://pop-art.inrialpes.fr/people/delaval/pub/apres09.pdf} +} + +@inproceedings{delaval10:_warm, + author = {Delaval, Gwena\"{e}l and Rutten, \'{E}ric}, + title = {A Language-Based Approach to the Discrete Control of + Adaptive Resource Management}, + booktitle = {Workshop on Adaptive Resource Management (WARM + 2010)}, + year = 2010, + address = {Stockholm, Sweden}, + month = apr, + abstract = {We present a novel technique for designing discrete + control loops for adaptive systems. They + automatically enforce safety properties on the + interactions between tasks, concerning, e.g., mutual + exclusions, forbidden or imposed sequences. We use + a new reactive programming language, with a + mechanism of behavioural contracts. Its compilation + involves discrete controller synthesis, which + automatically generates the correct appropriate + adaptation controllers. We apply our approach to + the problem of adaptive ressource management, + illustrated by the example of a HTTP server.}, + pdf = {http://pop-art.inrialpes.fr/people/delaval/pub/warm10.pdf} +} + +@inproceedings{delaval10:_react_model_based_contr_of, + author = {Delaval, Gwena\"{e}l and Rutten, \'{E}ric}, + title = {Reactive model-based control of reconfiguration in + the Fractal component-based model}, + booktitle = {13th International Symposium on Component Based + Software Engineering (CBSE 2010)}, + year = 2010, + address = {Prague, Czech Republic}, + month = jun, + abstract = {We present a technique for designing reconfiguration + controllers in the Fractal component-based + framework. We obtain discrete control loops that + automatically enforce safety properties on the + interactions between components, concerning, e.g., + mutual exclusions, forbidden or imposed sequences. + We use a reactive programming language, with a new + mechanism of behavioural contracts. Its compilation + involves discrete controller synthesis, which + automatically generates the correct adaptation + controllers. We apply our approach to the problem + of adaptive ressource management, illustrated by the + example of a HTTP server.}, + pdf = {http://pop-art.inrialpes.fr/people/delaval/pub/delaval-cbse10.pdf} +} + +@inproceedings{gcm10:_qos_energ_coord_dcs, + author = {{De Palma}, No\"{e}l and Delaval, Gwena\"{e}l and + Rutten, \'{E}ric}, + title = {QoS and Energy Management Coordination using + Discrete Controller Synthesis}, + booktitle = {1st International Workshop on Green Computing + Middleware (GCM'2010)}, + year = 2010, + address = {Bangalore, India}, + month = nov, + abstract = {Green computing is nowadays a major challenge for + most IT organizations. Administrators have to + manage the trade-off between system performances and + energy saving goals. Autonomic computing is a + promising approach to control the QoS and the energy + consumed by a system. This paper precisely + investigates the use of synchronous programming and + discrete controller synthesis to automate the + generation of a controller that enforces the + required coordination between QoS and energy + managers. We illustrate our approach by describing + the coordination between a simple admission + controller and an energy controller.}, + pdf = {http://pop-art.inrialpes.fr/people/delaval/pub/delaval-gcm10.pdf} +} + +@inproceedings{aboubekr11:_autom, + author = {S. Aboubekr and G. Delaval and R. Pissard-Gibollet + and {\'E}. Rutten and D. Simon}, + title = {Automatic generation of discrete handlers of + real-time continuous control tasks}, + booktitle = {Proc. 18th World Congress of the International + Federation of Automatic Control (IFAC)}, + address = {Milano, Italy}, + month = aug, + year = 2011, + abstract = {We present a novel technique for designing discrete, + logical control loops, on top of continuous control + tasks, ensuring logical safety properties of the + tasks sequencings and mode changes. We define this + new handler on top of the real-time executives built + with the Orccad design environment for control + systems, which is applied, e.g. to robotics and + real-time networked control. It features structures + of control tasks, each equipped with a local + automaton, used for the reactive, event-based + management of its activity and modes. The + additional discrete handler manages the interactions + between tasks, concerning, e.g., mutual exclusions, + forbidden or imposed sequences. We use a new + reactive programming language, with constructs for + finite-state machines and data-flow nodes, and a + mechanism of behavioral contracts, which involves + discrete controller synthesis. The result is a + discrete control loop, on top of the continuous + control loops, all integrated in a coherent + real-time architecture. Our approach is illustrated + and validated experimentally with the case study of + a robot arm. }, + pdf = {http://pop-art.inrialpes.fr/people/delaval/pub/bzrccad.pdf} +} + +@inproceedings{boyer11:_discr_contr_auton_system, + author = {Fabienne Boyer and No\"{e}l De Palma and Gwena\"{e}l + Delaval and Olivier Gruber and Eric Rutten}, + title = {Case Studies in Discrete Control for Autonomic + System Administration }, + booktitle = {Sixth International Workshop on Feedback Control + Implementation and Design in Computing Systems and + Networks (FeBID 2011)}, + year = 2011, + address = {Karlsruhe, Germany}, + month = jun, + abstract = {This paper presents examples of autonomic system + administration issues that can be addressed and + solved as discrete control problems. This shows + evidence of the relevance of control techniques for + the discrete aspects of closed-loop control of + computing systems. The model-based control of + adaptive and reconfigurable systems is considered via + a reactive programming language, based on discrete + controller synthesis (DCS) techniques. We identify + control problems in autonomic systems belonging to + the class of logical, discrete systems, and + illustrate how to solve them using DCS.}, + pdf = {http://pop-art.inrialpes.fr/people/delaval/pub/febid2011.pdf} +} + +@techreport{bouhadiba11:_sdc_fract, + hal_id = {inria-00596883}, + url = {http://hal.inria.fr/inria-00596883/en/}, + title = {Synchronous Control of Reconfiguration in Fractal + Component-based Systems -- a Case Study}, + author = {Bouhadiba, Tayeb and Sabah, Quentin and Delaval, + Gwena{\"e}l and Rutten, \'Eric}, + abstract = {{In the context of component-based embedded systems, + the management of dynamic reconfiguration in + adaptive systems is an increasingly important + feature. The Fractal component-based framework, and + its industrial instantiation MIND, provide for + support for control operations in the lifecycle of + components. Nevertheless, the use of complex and + integrated architectures make the management of this + reconfiguration operations difficult to handle by + programmers. To address this issue, we propose to + use Synchronous languages, which are a complete + approach to the design of reactive systems, based on + behavior models in the form of transition + systems. Furthermore, the design of closed-loop + reactive managers of reconfigurations can benefit + from formal tools like Discrete Controller + Synthesis. In this paper we describe an approach to + concretely integrate synchronous reconfiguration + managers in Fractal component-based systems. We + describe how to model the state space of the control + problem, and how to specify the control + objectives. We describe the implementation of the + resulting manager with the Fractal/Cecilia + programming environment, taking advantage of the + Comete distributed middleware. We illustrate and + validate it with the case study of the Comanche HTTP + server on a multi-core execution platform.}}, + keywords = {Component-based systems, synchronous programming, + reconfigurable systems, discrete controller + synthesis.}, + language = {Anglais}, + affiliation = {SARDES - INRIA Grenoble Rh{\^o}ne-Alpes / LIG + Laboratoire d'Informatique de Grenoble - INRIA - + Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble - INPG - + Universit\'e Joseph Fourier - Grenoble I - + Universit\'e Pierre Mend\`es-France - Grenoble II - + CNRS : UMR5217}, + pages = 31, + type = {Rapport de recherche}, + institution = {INRIA}, + number = {RR-7631}, + year = 2011, + month = may, + pdf = {http://hal.inria.fr/inria-00596883/PDF/RR-7631.pdf} +} + +@inproceedings{gamatie09:_case_study_contr_synth_for, + author = {Gamati\'e, Abdoulaye and Yu, Huafeng and Delaval, + Gwena\"el and Rutten, \'Eric}, + title = {A Case Study on Controller Synthesis for + Data-Intensive Embedded Systems}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 6th IEEE International Conference + on Embedded Software and Systems (ICESS'2009)}, + year = 2009, + address = {HangZhou, Zhejiang, China}, + month = may, + abstract = {This paper presents an approach for the safe design + of data-intensive embedded systems. A multimedia + application module of last generation cellular + phones is considered as a case study. The OMG + standard profile MARTE is used to adequately model + the application. The resulting model is then + transformed into a synchronous program from which a + controller is synthesized by using a formal + technique, in order to enforce the safe behavior of + the modeled application while meeting quality of + service requirements. The whole study is carried out + in a design framework, GASPARD, dedicated to + high-performance embedded systems.} +} + diff --git a/web/rsyncweb b/web/rsyncweb new file mode 100755 index 0000000..2f0a2b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/web/rsyncweb @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +rsync -vz bib.php header.php index.php publications_bib.html publications.html style.css toc.php try.php Yuyuan_ventana_heptagonal.JPG pub scm.gforge.inria.fr:/home/groups/heptagon/htdocs diff --git a/web/style.css b/web/style.css new file mode 100644 index 0000000..aa23148 --- /dev/null +++ b/web/style.css @@ -0,0 +1,120 @@ +body { + background-color: #FFFFFF; + color: #444444; + font-family: Helvetica,Arial,Verdana; + font-size: 100%; + margin:25px 50px; + text-align: justify; +} + +a { + color: #8A0000; + font-weight: bold; + text-decoration: none; +} +a:hover { + color: #E00000; +} +ol, ul { +} +li { + line-height: 20px; + text-align: left; +} + +#logo { + float:left; +} + +#header { + margin: 0 auto 40px; + width: 750px; +} + +#header h1 { + border-bottom: 2px solid #8A0000; + color: #8A0000; + font-family: "Century Gothic",Helvetica,"Arial Narrow",Arial,sans-serif; + font-size: 2em; + font-weight: normal; + margin: 0 0 10px; + padding: 30px 0 0; + text-align: left; +} + +#header h2 { + color: #8A0000; + font-family: "Century Gothic",Helvetica,"Arial Narrow",Arial,sans-serif; + font-size: 1.4em; + font-weight: normal; + margin: 0; + padding: 0; + text-align: left; +} + +#toc { + float:left; +} + +#toc h2 { + border-bottom: 1px solid #8A0000; + color: #8A0000; + font-family: "Century Gothic",Helvetica,"Arial Narrow",Arial,sans-serif; + font-size: 1.5em; + font-weight: normal; +} + +#toc ul { + list-style-type: none; +} + +#content { + margin: 0 auto; + text-align: justify; + width: 750px; +} + + +#content h2 { + border-bottom: 1px solid #8A0000; + color: #8A0000; + font-family: "Century Gothic",Helvetica,"Arial Narrow",Arial,sans-serif; + font-size: 1.5em; + font-weight: normal; +} +#content h3 { + color: #8A0000; + font-size: 1.2em; + font-weight: normal; + padding: 0; +} +#content p { +} +table { + background-color: #FFFFFF; +} +table td { + border-collapse: collapse; + padding: 5px; +} +#rightcontent { + float: right; + font-size: 95%; + text-align: left; + width: 160px; +} +#rightcontent h1 { + border-bottom: 1px solid #EEEEEE; + color: #905F40; + font-family: "Century Gothic",Helvetica,"Arial Narrow",Arial,sans-serif; + font-size: 20px; + font-weight: normal; + text-align: right; + text-transform: uppercase; +} +#rightcontent p { + line-height: 20px; +} +#rightcontent a { + font-weight: normal; +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/web/toc.php b/web/toc.php new file mode 100644 index 0000000..55e9f49 --- /dev/null +++ b/web/toc.php @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +
+
+
+ '; + $last_line = system(HEC + . ' -stdlib ' + . HEPTLIB + . ' -target java -i main.ept 2> main.out',$res); + echo ''; + flush(); + if ($res == 0) { + // Make interface Java class + mkdir('main_interface'); + echo ''; + echo '
';
+ // Java compilation
+ system('javac '
+ . '-classpath /home_nas/gdelaval/public_html/bzr/heptagon_applet.jar:.'
+ . ' main_interface/MainInterface.java 2>&1');
+ //system('ls -l *');
+ echo '';
+ // Make jar file
+ $tempfile=tempnam('/home_nas/gdelaval/public_html/bzr/jar','main-');
+ system('jar cf ' . $tempfile . '.jar main/*.class main_interface/*.class 2>&1');
+ // $_SESSION['jarfile'] = $tempfile;
+ // Generate applet HTML code
+ ?>
+Compilation failed !
'; + } + system("rm -fr " . $workdir. "/*"); + // Get the compilation result + // Working directory suppression + rmdir($workdir); +} +?> + + +